Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerinde Bazı B Grubu Vitaminleri ile D Vitamininin Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Ezgi Karataş; Aslı Uçar

doi:10.46237/amusbfd.1114257

Araştırma Makalesi

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerinde Bazı B Grubu Vitaminleri ile D Vitamininin Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 281 - 295, 31.05.2023

Ezgi Karataş Aslı Uçar

https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1114257

Öz

Amaç: B grubu vitaminler ve D vitamini eksikliği/yetersiz alımının depresyonla ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Önceki çalışmalar sadece folat (B9) ve B12 vitaminleri veya D vitaminine odaklanmıştı, bu çalışmada ise B1 B2 B9 B12 ve D vitaminlerinin serum ve diyetle alım düzeyleri araştırılmıştır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, bazı B grubu vitaminlerin ve D vitamininin üniversite öğrencilerinin depresyon düzeylerine etkisini araştırmaktır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesinde 18-25 yaşları arasında 104 kız öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler bir anket kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin depresyon düzeyleri Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDÖ) kullanılarak belirlenmiştir ve serum B1, B2, B9, B12 ve D vitamini düzeyleri incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ) sınıflamasına göre; öğrencilerin %15.4’ünün depresyon riski yüksektir. Çalışmaya katılan tüm öğrencilerin serum B1 ve B9 seviyeleri referans aralığındaydı. Depresyon riski yüksek olan tüm öğrencilerin serum D vitamini düzeylerinin düşük olduğu görülmüştür (p>0.05). Besinlerden yeterli miktarda protein, omega 3, B9 ve B12 vitamini alan bireylerin depresyon prevalansının daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Karbonhidrat alımındaki artış ile depresyon arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Diyetle B9 ve B12 vitamini, omega 3 ve protein alımının depresyon gelişme riskini azaltabileceği bunun aksine karbonhidrat alımının depresyon gelişme riskini arttırabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

B-kompleks vitaminleri, Beck Depresyon Envanteri, Depresyon, Beslenme, D Vitamini

Destekleyen Kurum

ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA PROJELER KORDİNATÖRLÜĞÜ

Proje Numarası

14H0241001

Kaynakça

1. James, S. L., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., et al. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392 (10159), 1789-1858.
2. World Health Organization (2021) Depression. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression. (Accessed date: 28. Februery.2022)
3. World Health Organization (2017). Depression in Turkey. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/turkey/multimedia/infographic-depression-in-turkey-2017 (Accessed date: 28. Februery.2022)
4. Bloch, M., Daly, R. C., & Rubinow, D. R. (2003). Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Comprehensive psychiatry, 44 (3), 234-246.
5. Flórez, K. R., Dubowitz, T., Ghosh-Dastidar, M. B., Beckman, R., & Collins, R.L. (2015). Associations between depressive symptomatology, diet, and body mass index among participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. J Acad Nutr Diet, 115(7), 1102-1108.
6. Lai, J. S., Hiles, S., Bisquera, A., Hure, A. J., McEvoy, M., et al. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 99 (1), 181-197
7. Li, Y., Lv, M. R., Wei, Y. J., Sun, L., Zhang, J. X., Zhang, H. G.,et al. (2017). Dietary patterns and depression risk: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry research, 253, 373-382.
8. Elstgeest, L. E., Winkens, L. H., Penninx, B. W., Brouwer, I. A., & Visser, M. (2019). Associations of depressive symptoms and history with three a priori diet quality indices in middle-aged and older adults. Journal of affective disorders, 249, 394-403.
9. Wattick, R. A., Hagedorn, R. L., & Olfert, M. D. (2018). Relationship between diet and mental health in a young adult Appalachian college population. Nutrients 10 (8), 957.
10. Matison, A. P., Mather, K. A., Flood, V. M., & Reppermund, S. (2021). Associations between nutrition and the incidence of depression in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational population-based studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 70, 101403.
11. Macht, M. (2008). How emotions affect eating: a five-way model. Appetite, 50(1), 1-11.
12. Paterson, N. E., & Markou, A. (2007). Animal models and treatments for addiction and depression co-morbidity. Neurotoxicity research, 11(1), 1-32.
13. Hu, D., Cheng, L., & Jiang, W. (2019). Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of affective disorders 245, 348-355.
14. Coppen, A., & Bailey, J. (2000). Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders, 60 (2), 121-130.
15. Penninx, B. W., Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., & Fried, L. P. (2000). Vitamin B (12) deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: Epidemiologic evidence from the women's health and aging study. Am J Psychiatry, 157 (5), 715.
16. Bottiglieri, T., Laundy, M., Crellin, R., Toone, B. K., Carney, M. W., & Reynolds, E. H. (2000). Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 69 (2), 228-232.
17. Ullah, H., Khan, A., Rengasamy, K. R., Di Minno, A., Sacchi, R., & Daglia, M. (2022). The efficacy of s-adenosyl methionine and probiotic supplementation on depression: A synergistic approach.
Nutrients 14 (13), 2751.
18. Abou‐Saleh, M., & Coppen, A. (1989). Serum and red blood cell folate in depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80 (1), 78-82.
19. Alpert, J. E., Mischoulon, D., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2000). Nutrition and depression: focus on folate. Nutrition, 16 (7), 544-546.
20. Ganji, V., Milone, C., Cody, M. M., McCarty, F., & Wang, Y. T. (2010). Serum vitamin D concentrations are related to depression in young adult US population: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. International archives of medicine, 3 (1), 29.
21. Jahrami, H., Alekri, E., BaHammam, A. S., Alsalman, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Alhaj, O., & Saif, Z. (2021). The association between micronutrient status and sleep quality in patients with depression: a case- control study. Sleep and Breathing, 25 (3), 1571-1579.
22. Shin, Y. C., Jung, C. H., Kim, H. J., Kim, E. J., & Lim, S. W. (2016). The associations among vitamin D deficiency, C-reactive protein, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 90, 98-104.
23. Grudet, C., Wolkowitz, O. M., Mellon, S. H., Malm, J., Reus, V. I., Brundin, L., et al. (2020). Vitamin D and inflammation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 33-41.
24. World Health Organisation (WHO). (2000). Obesity: preventing managing the global epidemic, Geneva: WHO Publishing, pp.8-12.
25. Rakıcıoğlu, N., Tek, N., Ayaz A., & Pekcan, G. (2009). Photograph catalog of food and dishes: Portion size and amounts. Ankara: Ata Ofset Publishing.
26. Baysal, A., Merdol, T. K., Sacır, F. H., Ciğerim, N., & Başoğlu, S.(2005). Examples from Turkish cuisine. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Publishing.
27. Dağ, A. (2006). Standard tariff cost and hygiene control. Ankara: Meteksan Printing and Technical Industry and Trade Joint Stock Company.
28. Bebis, (Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi). Nutrition Data Base Software. 2014. Date base: The German food code and nutrition date base (BLS II.3, 1999) with additions from USDA-sr and other sources. İstanbul.
29. The Ministry of Health of Turkey The General Directorate of Primary Health Care Food and Nutrition Guideline for Turkey (FGNT). Ankara: Onur Publishing. 2015
30. Beck, A. T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4 (6), 561-571.
31. Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji dergisi, 7 (23), 3-13.
32. Sozen, T., Gogas Yavuz, D., & Akalın, A. (2014). Metabolik kemik hastalıkları tanı ve tedavi kılavuzu. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği 1, 19-27.
33. Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. Journal of psychiatric research, 47 (3), 391-400.
34. Akhtar, P., Ma, L., Waqas, A., Naveed, S., Li, Y., Rahman, A., & Wang, Y. (2020). Prevalence of depression among university students in low and middle income countries (LMICs): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 274, 911-919.
35. Chu, P. C., Su, M. H., Yang, H. J., & Kuo, P. H. (2015). The associations among unhealthy eating habits, bad eating experiences and depression in Taiwanese youths. Taiwan Gong Gong Wei Sheng Za Zhi 34 (3), 253-267.
36. Turel, T., Jameson, M., Gitimu, P., Rowlands, Z., Mincher, J., & Pohle-Krauza, R. (2018). Disordered eating: Influence of body image, sociocultural attitudes, appearance anxiety and depression-a focus on college males and a gender comparison. Cogent Psychology, 5 (1), 1483062.
37. Benton, D., Griffiths, R., & Haller, J. (1997). Thiamine supplementation mood and cognitive functioning. Psychopharmacology, 129 (1), 66-71.
38. Pourhassan, M., Angersbach, B., Lueg, G., Klimek, C. N., & Wirth, R. (2019). Blood thiamine level and cognitive function in older hospitalized patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 32 (2), 90-96.
39. Naghashpour, M., Amani, R., Nutr, R., Nematpour, S., & Haghighizadeh, M. H. (2011). Riboflavin status and its association with serum hs-CRP levels among clinical nurses with depression. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 30 (5), 340-347.
40. Ju, S. Y., & Park, Y. K. (2019). Low fruit and vegetable intake is associated with depression among Korean adults in data from the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 38 (1), 1-10.
41. Bell, I. R., Edman, J. S., Morrow, F. D., Marby, D. W., Mirages, S., Perrone, G., et al. (1991). B complex vitamin patterns in geriatric and young adult inpatients with major depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39 (3), 252-257.
42. Fayet-Moore, F., Petocz, P., & Samman, S. (2014). Micronutrient status in female university students: iron, zinc, copper, selenium, vitamin B12 and folate. Nutrients, 6 (11), 5103-5116.
43. Bazhan, M., Roudsari, A. H., Shokouhi, M., Mehran, S., & Ardestani, H. (2013). Dietary folate intake and concentration of folate in serum and red blood cell in a group of female university students in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Paramedical Sciences, 4.
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48. Bigman, G. (2020). Vitamin D metabolites, D3 and D2, and their independent associations with depression symptoms among adults in the United States. Nutritional Neuroscience, 25 (4), 648- 656.
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Investigation Effect of Depression Level of University Students with Some of Group B Vitamins and Vitamin D

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 281 - 295, 31.05.2023

Ezgi Karataş Aslı Uçar

https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1114257

Öz

Objective: B vitamins and vitamin D deficiency / insufficient intake has been shown to be associated with depression. Previous studies have focused on only serum folate (B9) and vitamin B12 or vitamin D levels but this study investigated serum levels and dietary intake levels of B1 B2 B9 B12 and D vitamins. Therefore purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of some B vitamins and vitamin D on depression level of university students.
Methods: The study was received in Ankara University Faculty of Health Sciences 104 female students between the ages of 18-25 years. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Students who participated in the study using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), depression levels were determined and taking a tube the serum vitamin B1, B2, B9, B12 and vitamin D levels were examined.
Results: According to BDI classification; 15.4% of students have high risk of depression. All students participating in the study serum levels of B1 and B9 were in reference range. Depressed students serum vitamin D levels were low (p>0.05). The prevelans of depression was found to be lower among individuals who consumed adequate amounts of protein, omega 3, folate, and vitamin B12 from foods (p<0.05). It was determined that there is a statistically significant relationship between increase in carbohydrate intake and depression.
Conclusion: It is thought that dietary intake of vitamins B9 and B12, omega 3 and protein may reduce the risk of developing depression, on the contrary, carbohydrate intake may increase the risk of developing depression.

Anahtar Kelimeler

B-complex vitamins, Beck Depression Inventory, Depression, Nutrition, Vitamin D

Proje Numarası

14H0241001

Kaynakça

1. James, S. L., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., et al. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392 (10159), 1789-1858.
2. World Health Organization (2021) Depression. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression. (Accessed date: 28. Februery.2022)
3. World Health Organization (2017). Depression in Turkey. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/turkey/multimedia/infographic-depression-in-turkey-2017 (Accessed date: 28. Februery.2022)
4. Bloch, M., Daly, R. C., & Rubinow, D. R. (2003). Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Comprehensive psychiatry, 44 (3), 234-246.
5. Flórez, K. R., Dubowitz, T., Ghosh-Dastidar, M. B., Beckman, R., & Collins, R.L. (2015). Associations between depressive symptomatology, diet, and body mass index among participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. J Acad Nutr Diet, 115(7), 1102-1108.
6. Lai, J. S., Hiles, S., Bisquera, A., Hure, A. J., McEvoy, M., et al. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 99 (1), 181-197
7. Li, Y., Lv, M. R., Wei, Y. J., Sun, L., Zhang, J. X., Zhang, H. G.,et al. (2017). Dietary patterns and depression risk: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry research, 253, 373-382.
8. Elstgeest, L. E., Winkens, L. H., Penninx, B. W., Brouwer, I. A., & Visser, M. (2019). Associations of depressive symptoms and history with three a priori diet quality indices in middle-aged and older adults. Journal of affective disorders, 249, 394-403.
9. Wattick, R. A., Hagedorn, R. L., & Olfert, M. D. (2018). Relationship between diet and mental health in a young adult Appalachian college population. Nutrients 10 (8), 957.
10. Matison, A. P., Mather, K. A., Flood, V. M., & Reppermund, S. (2021). Associations between nutrition and the incidence of depression in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational population-based studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 70, 101403.
11. Macht, M. (2008). How emotions affect eating: a five-way model. Appetite, 50(1), 1-11.
12. Paterson, N. E., & Markou, A. (2007). Animal models and treatments for addiction and depression co-morbidity. Neurotoxicity research, 11(1), 1-32.
13. Hu, D., Cheng, L., & Jiang, W. (2019). Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of affective disorders 245, 348-355.
14. Coppen, A., & Bailey, J. (2000). Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders, 60 (2), 121-130.
15. Penninx, B. W., Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., & Fried, L. P. (2000). Vitamin B (12) deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: Epidemiologic evidence from the women's health and aging study. Am J Psychiatry, 157 (5), 715.
16. Bottiglieri, T., Laundy, M., Crellin, R., Toone, B. K., Carney, M. W., & Reynolds, E. H. (2000). Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 69 (2), 228-232.
17. Ullah, H., Khan, A., Rengasamy, K. R., Di Minno, A., Sacchi, R., & Daglia, M. (2022). The efficacy of s-adenosyl methionine and probiotic supplementation on depression: A synergistic approach.
Nutrients 14 (13), 2751.
18. Abou‐Saleh, M., & Coppen, A. (1989). Serum and red blood cell folate in depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80 (1), 78-82.
19. Alpert, J. E., Mischoulon, D., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2000). Nutrition and depression: focus on folate. Nutrition, 16 (7), 544-546.
20. Ganji, V., Milone, C., Cody, M. M., McCarty, F., & Wang, Y. T. (2010). Serum vitamin D concentrations are related to depression in young adult US population: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. International archives of medicine, 3 (1), 29.
21. Jahrami, H., Alekri, E., BaHammam, A. S., Alsalman, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Alhaj, O., & Saif, Z. (2021). The association between micronutrient status and sleep quality in patients with depression: a case- control study. Sleep and Breathing, 25 (3), 1571-1579.
22. Shin, Y. C., Jung, C. H., Kim, H. J., Kim, E. J., & Lim, S. W. (2016). The associations among vitamin D deficiency, C-reactive protein, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 90, 98-104.
23. Grudet, C., Wolkowitz, O. M., Mellon, S. H., Malm, J., Reus, V. I., Brundin, L., et al. (2020). Vitamin D and inflammation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 33-41.
24. World Health Organisation (WHO). (2000). Obesity: preventing managing the global epidemic, Geneva: WHO Publishing, pp.8-12.
25. Rakıcıoğlu, N., Tek, N., Ayaz A., & Pekcan, G. (2009). Photograph catalog of food and dishes: Portion size and amounts. Ankara: Ata Ofset Publishing.
26. Baysal, A., Merdol, T. K., Sacır, F. H., Ciğerim, N., & Başoğlu, S.(2005). Examples from Turkish cuisine. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Publishing.
27. Dağ, A. (2006). Standard tariff cost and hygiene control. Ankara: Meteksan Printing and Technical Industry and Trade Joint Stock Company.
28. Bebis, (Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi). Nutrition Data Base Software. 2014. Date base: The German food code and nutrition date base (BLS II.3, 1999) with additions from USDA-sr and other sources. İstanbul.
29. The Ministry of Health of Turkey The General Directorate of Primary Health Care Food and Nutrition Guideline for Turkey (FGNT). Ankara: Onur Publishing. 2015
30. Beck, A. T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4 (6), 561-571.
31. Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji dergisi, 7 (23), 3-13.
32. Sozen, T., Gogas Yavuz, D., & Akalın, A. (2014). Metabolik kemik hastalıkları tanı ve tedavi kılavuzu. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği 1, 19-27.
33. Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. Journal of psychiatric research, 47 (3), 391-400.
34. Akhtar, P., Ma, L., Waqas, A., Naveed, S., Li, Y., Rahman, A., & Wang, Y. (2020). Prevalence of depression among university students in low and middle income countries (LMICs): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 274, 911-919.
35. Chu, P. C., Su, M. H., Yang, H. J., & Kuo, P. H. (2015). The associations among unhealthy eating habits, bad eating experiences and depression in Taiwanese youths. Taiwan Gong Gong Wei Sheng Za Zhi 34 (3), 253-267.
36. Turel, T., Jameson, M., Gitimu, P., Rowlands, Z., Mincher, J., & Pohle-Krauza, R. (2018). Disordered eating: Influence of body image, sociocultural attitudes, appearance anxiety and depression-a focus on college males and a gender comparison. Cogent Psychology, 5 (1), 1483062.
37. Benton, D., Griffiths, R., & Haller, J. (1997). Thiamine supplementation mood and cognitive functioning. Psychopharmacology, 129 (1), 66-71.
38. Pourhassan, M., Angersbach, B., Lueg, G., Klimek, C. N., & Wirth, R. (2019). Blood thiamine level and cognitive function in older hospitalized patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 32 (2), 90-96.
39. Naghashpour, M., Amani, R., Nutr, R., Nematpour, S., & Haghighizadeh, M. H. (2011). Riboflavin status and its association with serum hs-CRP levels among clinical nurses with depression. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 30 (5), 340-347.
40. Ju, S. Y., & Park, Y. K. (2019). Low fruit and vegetable intake is associated with depression among Korean adults in data from the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 38 (1), 1-10.
41. Bell, I. R., Edman, J. S., Morrow, F. D., Marby, D. W., Mirages, S., Perrone, G., et al. (1991). B complex vitamin patterns in geriatric and young adult inpatients with major depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39 (3), 252-257.
42. Fayet-Moore, F., Petocz, P., & Samman, S. (2014). Micronutrient status in female university students: iron, zinc, copper, selenium, vitamin B12 and folate. Nutrients, 6 (11), 5103-5116.
43. Bazhan, M., Roudsari, A. H., Shokouhi, M., Mehran, S., & Ardestani, H. (2013). Dietary folate intake and concentration of folate in serum and red blood cell in a group of female university students in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Paramedical Sciences, 4.
44. Jang, H. B., Han, Y. H., Piyathilake, C. J., Kim, H., & Hyun, T. (2013). Intake and blood concentrations of folate and their association with health-related behaviors in Korean college students. Nutrition research and practice, 7 (3), 216-223.
45. Sirdah, M. M., Yassin, M. M., Shekhi, S. E., & Lubbad, A. M. (2014). Homocysteine and vitamin B 12 status and iron deficiency anemia in female university students from Gaza Strip, Palestine. Revista brasileira de hematologia e hemoterapia, 36 (3), 208-212.
46. Al-Musharaf, S., McTernan, P. G., Hussain, S. D., Aleisa, K. A., Alnaami, A. M., Wani, K., et al. (2021). Prevalence and indicators of vitamin B12 insufficiency among young women of childbearing age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (1), 1.
47. Petridou, E. T., Kousoulis, A. A., Michelakos, T., Papathoma, P., Dessypris, N., Papadopoulos, F. C., & Stefanadis, C. (2015). Folate and B12 serum levels in association with depression in the aged: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging & mental health, 20 (9), 965-973.
48. Bigman, G. (2020). Vitamin D metabolites, D3 and D2, and their independent associations with depression symptoms among adults in the United States. Nutritional Neuroscience, 25 (4), 648- 656.
49. Lazarevich, I., Irigoyen-Camacho, M. E., Velázquez-Alva, M. C., Lara-Flores, N., Nájera-Medinaand, O., & Zepeda-Zepeda, M. A. (2018). Depression and food consumption in Mexican college students. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 35 (3), 620-625.
50. Liu, H., Yang, Q., Luo, J., Ouyang, Y., Sun, M., Xi, Y., et al. (2020). Association between emotional eating, depressive symptoms and laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms in college students: A cross-sectional study in Hunan. Nutrients, 12 (6), 1595.
51. Akbaraly, T. N., Brunner, E. J., Ferrie, J. E., Marmot, M. G., Kivimaki, M., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2009). Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195 (5), 408-413.
52. Lucas, M., Chocano-Bedoya, P., Shulze, M. B., Mirzaei, F., O’Reilly, É. J., Okereke, O.I., et al. (2014). Inflammatory dietary pattern and risk of depression among women. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 36, 46-53.
53. Oh, J., Yun, K., Chae, J. H., & Kim, T.-S. (2020). Association between macronutrients intake and depression in the United States and South Korea. Frontiers in Psychiatry 11, 207.
54. Daneshzad, E., Keshavarz, S. A., Qorbani, M., Larijani, B., & Azadbakht, L. (2020). Association between a low‐carbohydrate diet and sleep status, depression, anxiety, and stress score. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100 (7), 2946-2952.
55. Li, Y., Zhang, C., Li, S., & Zhang, D. (2020). Association between dietary protein intake and the risk of depressive symptoms in adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 123 (11), 1290-1301.
56. Fernstrom, J. D., Wurtman, R. J., Hammarstrom-Wiklund, B., Rand, W. M., Munro, H. N., & Davidson, C. S. (1979). Diurnal variations in plasma neutral amino acid concentrations among patients with cirrhosis: effect of dietary protein. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 (9), 1923-1933.
57. Wurtman, J. J. (1993). Depression and weight gain: the serotonin connection. Journal of Affective Disorders 29 (2-3), 183-192.
58. German, L., Kahana, C., Rosenfeld, V., Zabrowsky, I., Wiezer, Z., Fraser, D., et al. (2011). Depressive symptoms are associated with food insufficiency and nutritional deficiencies in poor community- dwelling elderly people. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 15 (1), 3-8.
59. Aparicio, A., Robles, F., López-Sobaler, A., & Ortega, R. (2013). Dietary glycaemic load and odds of depression in a group of institutionalized elderly people without antidepressant treatment. European Journal of Nutrition, 52 (3), 1059-1066.
60. Fereday, A., Gibson, N., Cox, M., Pacy, P., & Millward, D. (1997). Protein requirements and ageing: metabolic demand and efficiency of utilization. British Journal of Nutrition, 77 (5), 685-702.

Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Ezgi Karataş 0000-0003-0418-7282 Aslı Uçar 0000-0001-9724-9571
Proje Numarası	14H0241001
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Karataş, E., & Uçar, A. (2023). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerinde Bazı B Grubu Vitaminleri ile D Vitamininin Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1114257

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