Öz
The aim of this study is to find out ‘interpretative repertoires’ used as discursive resources for sex/gender explanations of psychologists working in various fields in Turkey. Within the scope hereof, in-depth interviews were conducted with fourteen psychologists. Interviews were recorded and then transcribed. Interview texts were analyzed through discourse analysis. As a result of the analysis, four different interpretative repertoires were identified; dichotomy, feelings, nurture and difference. As to dichotomy repertoire, sex/gender is constructed within biology-society and woman-man dichotomies while it is defined as an individual and inner phenomenon in the feelings repertoire. When it comes to nurture repertoire, sex/gender is described as an identity acquired by nurturing processes while sexual differentiation is constructed as the source of difference and variety among people in difference repertoire. The results of the study manifest that the participants conceptualize sex/gender and sexuality within a dichotomous and essentialist framework to a large extent. The discourses of psychologists in Turkey have undergone some shifts in parallel with the transformations in Western psychology, however it is still possible to argue that essentialist, dichotomous and heteronormative assumptions on sex and sexuality keep forming their discourses to a certain extent in explicit or implicit ways. This is connected with the limited relation of (mainstream) psychology to other disciplines, critical and social constructionist perspectives, qualitative methodologies and activism as well as the fact that psychology in Turkey has mostly been imported from the West.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sex Gender Psychology Discourse Analysis Interpretative Repertoires
Kaynakça
- Ansara, Y. G. and Hegarty, P. (2012). Cisgenderism in Psychology: Pathologizing and Misgendering Children From 1999 to 2008. Psychology & Sexuality, 3(2), 137-160.
- APA (2008). Resolution on Transgender and Gender Identity and Gender Expression Non-Discrimination. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-gender-identity.pdf adresinden 03.03.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Batur, S. and Aslıtürk, E. (2006). On Critical Psychology in Turkey. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 0(5), 21-41.
- Burr, V. (2003). Social Constructionism, (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
- Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
- Clarke, V. and Braun, V. (2009). Gender. In D. Fox. (Eds. Prilleltensky, I. & Austin, S.). Critical Psychology: An Introduction In (2nd ed. p. 306-327). London: Sage.
- Çabuk, F. D. and Candansayar, S. (2010). Tıp ve Homofobi. (Medicine and Homophobia). (Eds. Erol, A. & Öztop, N.). Anti-Homofobi Kitabı-2 In (p. 85-89). Ankara: Kaos GL.
- Finn, M. and Dell, P. (1999). Practises of Body Management: Transgenderism and Embodiment. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 0(9), 463-476.
- Hammack, P. L.; Mayers, L. and Windell, E. P. (2013). Narrative, Psychology and the Politics of Sexual Identity in the United States: From ‘Sickness’ to ‘Species’ to ‘Subject’. Psychology & Sexuality, 4(3), 219-243.
- Hegarty, P. and Massey, S. (2006). Anti-Homosexual Prejudice… As Opposed to What? Queer Theory and the Social Psychology of Anti-Homosexual Attitudes. Journey of Homosexuality, 52(1-2), 47-71.
- Hepburn, A. (1999). Postmodernity and the Politics of Feminist Psychology. Radical Psychology, 1(2). http://www.radpsynet.org/journal/vol1-2/hepburn.html adresinden 03.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Hood-Williams, J. (1996). Goodbye to Sex and Gender. The Sociological Review, 44(1), 1-16.
- Hyde, J. S.; Bigler, R. S.; Joel, D.; Tate, C. C. and Van Anders, S. M. (2019). The Future of Sex and Gender in Psychology: Five Challenges to the Gender Binary. American Psychologist, 74(2), 171-193.
- Joel, D.; Tarrasch, R.; Berman, Z.; Mukamel, M. and Ziv, E. (2014). Queering Gender: Studying Gender Identity in ‘Normative’ Individuals. Psychology & Sexuality, 5(4), 291-321.
- Kayaoğlu, A. and Batur, S. (2013). Critical Psychology in Turkey: Recent Developments. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 0(10), 916-931.
- Kitzinger, C. (1994). Should Psychologists Study Sex Differences? Feminism & Psychology, 4(4), 501-506.
- Minton, H. L. (1997). Queer Heory: Historical Roots and Implications for Psychology. Theory & Psychology, 7(3), 337-353.
- Morgenroth, T. and Ryan, M. K. (2018). Gender Trouble in Social Psychology: How Can Butler’s Work Inform Experimental Social Psychologists’ Conceptualization of Gender? Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1320), 1-9.
- Nil, M. S. (2010). Ruh Sağlığı Alanındaki Homofobiye Içerden Müdahale. [Internal Intervention to Homophobia in the Mental Health Field]. (Eds. Erol, A. & Öztop, N.) Anti-Homofobi Kitabı-2 In (p. 99-102). Ankara: Kaos GL.
- Parlee, M. B. (1996). Situated Knowledges of Personal Embodiment: Transgender Activists’ and Psychological Theorists’ Perspectives on ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’. Theory & Psychology, 0(6), 625-645.
- Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage.
- Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1995). Discourse Analysis. (Eds. Smith, J. A & Harre, R & Langenhove, L. V.). Rethinking Methods in Psychology In (p. 80-92). London: Sage.
- Riggs, D. W. and Walker, G. A. (2006). Queer(y)ing Rights: Psychology, Liberal Individualism and Colonisation. Australian Psychologist, 41(2), 95-103.
- Roen, K. (2011). The Discursive and Clinical Production of Trans Youth: Gender Variant Youth who Seek Puberty Suppression. Psychology & Sexuality, 2(1), 58-68.
- Rosqvist, H. B.; Nordlund, L. and Kaiser, N. (2014). Developing an Authentic Sex: Deconstructing Developmental-Psychological Discourses of Transgenderism in A Clinical Setting. Feminism & Psychology, 24(1), 20-36.
- Smith, J. A. (1995). Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis. (Eds. Smith, J. A. &. Harre, R. & Langenhove, L. V.), Rethinking Methods in Psychology In (p. 9-26). London: Sage.
- Stone, A. (2007). An Introduction to Feminist Philosophy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond Sexual Orientation: Integrating Gender/Sex and Diverse Sexualities Via Sexual Configurations Theory. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 0(44), 1177-1213.
- West, C. and Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender & Society, 1(1), 125-151.
- Wetherell, M. and Potter, J. (1988). Discourse Analysis and the Identification of Interpretative Repertoires. (Ed. Antaki, C.). Analysing Everyday Explanation: A Casebook of Methods In (p. 168-183). London: Sage.
- Yetkin, N. (2009). Psikiyatrinin Homofobisi. [Homophobia of Psychiatry]. (Eds. Erol, A. & Öztop, N.)0 Anti-Homofobi Kitabı-2 In (p. 79-83). Ankara: Kaos GL.
Öz
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de farklı alanlarda çalışan psikologların cinsiyete/toplumsal cinsiyete ilişkin açıklamalarına kaynaklık eden ‘açıklayıcı repertuarların’ tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, on dört psikologla derinlemesine bireysel görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların onayı dahiilinde görüşmelerin ses kaydı alınmış ve ardından yazıya dökülmüştür. Görüşme metinleri söylem analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, cinsiyete/toplumsal cinsiyete ilişkin konuşmalara kaynaklık eden dört farklı açıklayıcı repertuara ulaşılmıştır; ikilik, hissiyat, yetiştirilme ve farklılık. İkilik repertuarında cinsiyet, biyoloji-toplum ve kadın-erkek ikilikleri içinde inşa edilmekteyken; hissiyat repertuarında içten gelen bireysel bir olgu olarak, yetiştirilme repertuarında ise yetiştirilme sonucu edinilen bir kimlik olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Farklılık repertuarında ise cinsiyet ayrımı insanlar arasındaki farklılık ve çeşitliliğin kaynağı olarak inşa edilmektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, katılımcı psikologların cinsiyeti ve ilişkili olguları, büyük ölçüde ikili ve özcü bir çerçevede kavramsallaştırdıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Batı psikolojisinde cinsiyetin ele alınışında son otuz yılda gerçekleşen dönüşümlere paralel olarak Türkiye’deki psikologların söylemlerinde de birtakım dönüşümler olduğunu; ama özcü, ikili ve heteronormatif cinsiyet/cinsellik varsayımlarının -açık veya örtük biçimlerde- Türkiye’deki psikologların söylemlerini belirli ölçülerde şekillendirmeye devam ettiğini söylemek mümkündür. Bu durum, (anaakım) psikolojinin diğer disiplinlerle, eleştirel ve sosyal inşacı perspektiflerle, niteliksel yöntemlerle ve aktivizm alanıyla kurduğu sınırlı ilişkisellikle bağlantılı olduğu kadar, Türkiye’deki psikolojinin büyük ölçüde ithal edilmiş oluşuyla da bağlantılı görünmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Cinsiyet Toplumsal Cinsiyet Psikoloji Söylem Analizi Açıklayıcı Repertuarlar
Kaynakça
- Ansara, Y. G. and Hegarty, P. (2012). Cisgenderism in Psychology: Pathologizing and Misgendering Children From 1999 to 2008. Psychology & Sexuality, 3(2), 137-160.
- APA (2008). Resolution on Transgender and Gender Identity and Gender Expression Non-Discrimination. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-gender-identity.pdf adresinden 03.03.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Batur, S. and Aslıtürk, E. (2006). On Critical Psychology in Turkey. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 0(5), 21-41.
- Burr, V. (2003). Social Constructionism, (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
- Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
- Clarke, V. and Braun, V. (2009). Gender. In D. Fox. (Eds. Prilleltensky, I. & Austin, S.). Critical Psychology: An Introduction In (2nd ed. p. 306-327). London: Sage.
- Çabuk, F. D. and Candansayar, S. (2010). Tıp ve Homofobi. (Medicine and Homophobia). (Eds. Erol, A. & Öztop, N.). Anti-Homofobi Kitabı-2 In (p. 85-89). Ankara: Kaos GL.
- Finn, M. and Dell, P. (1999). Practises of Body Management: Transgenderism and Embodiment. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 0(9), 463-476.
- Hammack, P. L.; Mayers, L. and Windell, E. P. (2013). Narrative, Psychology and the Politics of Sexual Identity in the United States: From ‘Sickness’ to ‘Species’ to ‘Subject’. Psychology & Sexuality, 4(3), 219-243.
- Hegarty, P. and Massey, S. (2006). Anti-Homosexual Prejudice… As Opposed to What? Queer Theory and the Social Psychology of Anti-Homosexual Attitudes. Journey of Homosexuality, 52(1-2), 47-71.
- Hepburn, A. (1999). Postmodernity and the Politics of Feminist Psychology. Radical Psychology, 1(2). http://www.radpsynet.org/journal/vol1-2/hepburn.html adresinden 03.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Hood-Williams, J. (1996). Goodbye to Sex and Gender. The Sociological Review, 44(1), 1-16.
- Hyde, J. S.; Bigler, R. S.; Joel, D.; Tate, C. C. and Van Anders, S. M. (2019). The Future of Sex and Gender in Psychology: Five Challenges to the Gender Binary. American Psychologist, 74(2), 171-193.
- Joel, D.; Tarrasch, R.; Berman, Z.; Mukamel, M. and Ziv, E. (2014). Queering Gender: Studying Gender Identity in ‘Normative’ Individuals. Psychology & Sexuality, 5(4), 291-321.
- Kayaoğlu, A. and Batur, S. (2013). Critical Psychology in Turkey: Recent Developments. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 0(10), 916-931.
- Kitzinger, C. (1994). Should Psychologists Study Sex Differences? Feminism & Psychology, 4(4), 501-506.
- Minton, H. L. (1997). Queer Heory: Historical Roots and Implications for Psychology. Theory & Psychology, 7(3), 337-353.
- Morgenroth, T. and Ryan, M. K. (2018). Gender Trouble in Social Psychology: How Can Butler’s Work Inform Experimental Social Psychologists’ Conceptualization of Gender? Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1320), 1-9.
- Nil, M. S. (2010). Ruh Sağlığı Alanındaki Homofobiye Içerden Müdahale. [Internal Intervention to Homophobia in the Mental Health Field]. (Eds. Erol, A. & Öztop, N.) Anti-Homofobi Kitabı-2 In (p. 99-102). Ankara: Kaos GL.
- Parlee, M. B. (1996). Situated Knowledges of Personal Embodiment: Transgender Activists’ and Psychological Theorists’ Perspectives on ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’. Theory & Psychology, 0(6), 625-645.
- Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage.
- Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1995). Discourse Analysis. (Eds. Smith, J. A & Harre, R & Langenhove, L. V.). Rethinking Methods in Psychology In (p. 80-92). London: Sage.
- Riggs, D. W. and Walker, G. A. (2006). Queer(y)ing Rights: Psychology, Liberal Individualism and Colonisation. Australian Psychologist, 41(2), 95-103.
- Roen, K. (2011). The Discursive and Clinical Production of Trans Youth: Gender Variant Youth who Seek Puberty Suppression. Psychology & Sexuality, 2(1), 58-68.
- Rosqvist, H. B.; Nordlund, L. and Kaiser, N. (2014). Developing an Authentic Sex: Deconstructing Developmental-Psychological Discourses of Transgenderism in A Clinical Setting. Feminism & Psychology, 24(1), 20-36.
- Smith, J. A. (1995). Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis. (Eds. Smith, J. A. &. Harre, R. & Langenhove, L. V.), Rethinking Methods in Psychology In (p. 9-26). London: Sage.
- Stone, A. (2007). An Introduction to Feminist Philosophy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond Sexual Orientation: Integrating Gender/Sex and Diverse Sexualities Via Sexual Configurations Theory. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 0(44), 1177-1213.
- West, C. and Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender & Society, 1(1), 125-151.
- Wetherell, M. and Potter, J. (1988). Discourse Analysis and the Identification of Interpretative Repertoires. (Ed. Antaki, C.). Analysing Everyday Explanation: A Casebook of Methods In (p. 168-183). London: Sage.
- Yetkin, N. (2009). Psikiyatrinin Homofobisi. [Homophobia of Psychiatry]. (Eds. Erol, A. & Öztop, N.)0 Anti-Homofobi Kitabı-2 In (p. 79-83). Ankara: Kaos GL.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 6 Nisan 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 16 |
