Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 372 - 378, 09.10.2015
Öz
Medical procedures such as vaccine administration, phlebotomy and injections are the most important sources of pain for children. Pain causes children to be frightened of needles and this leads to be unwillingness to medical procedures, even can be neglected or delayed to treatment and care. Thus, the nurse should be able to manage painful procedures to reduce emotional and physical effects of painful procedures and to avoid long-term results of pain in children. There are many different approaches to the treatment of procedural pain and anxiety of children during medical procedures, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. In recent year research focusing on nurses’ use of non-pharmacological methods for pain relief of children’s has increased. Present widely used non-pharmacological method for pain relief of children during painful medical procedures is distraction method. Distraction is a nursing attempt focusing patient’s attention to any other stimulants to control and reduce pain better. The rationale for the pain-reducing effects of distractionhypothesized that the brain has a limited capacity of focusing attention on stimulation. In this article frequently used ditraction method will be discussed
Anahtar Kelimeler
Distraction methods pain management nursing pediatric patient
Kaynakça
- Arts SE, Abu-Saad HH, Champion GD, Crawford MR, Juniper KH, Ziegler JB, Fisher RJ. Age-related response to lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) emulsion and effect of music distraction on the pain of intravenous cannulation. Pediatrics, 1994;93,797-801.
- Uman LS, Birnie KA, Noel M, Parker JA, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, Kisely SR. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 2013;10(10): doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub3.
- CPS 2004(Canadian Paediatric Society). www.cps.ca 2004. Erişim:29.11.2013.
- SB(Sağlık Bakanlığı) www.saglik.gov.tr. Erişim:29.11.2013
- IASP(2004)Task Force on Taxonomy. Classification of Chronic Pain. Second Edition. Seattle: IASP Press.
- Spielberg F, Branson BM, Goldbaum GM. Overcoming barriers to HIV testing: preferences for new strategies among clients of a needle exchange, a sexually transmitted disease clinic, and sex venues for men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr., 2003;32(3):318-327.
- Wong ML, Chia KS, Yam WM, Teodoro GR, Lau KW. Willingness to donate blood samples for genetic research: a survey from a community in Singapore. Clin Genet. Jan, 2004;65(1):45-51.
- Luhmann J, Hurt S, Shootman M, Kennedy R. A comparison of buffered lidocaine versus ELA-Max before peripheral intravenous catheter insertions in children. Pediatrics, 2004;113(3 Pt 1):e217-220.
- Eichenfield LF, Funk A, Fallon-Friedlander S, Cunningham BB. A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pediatrics, 2002;109(6):1093-1099.
- Buckley MM, Benfield P. Eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine cream. A review of the topical anaesthetic/analgesic efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA). Drugs. 1993; 46(1):126-151.
- Törüner E, Büyükgönenç L. Çocuk Sağlığı Temel hemşirelik yaklaşımları, Gökçe ofset, 2012; Ankara.
- DeMore M, Cohen LL. Distraction for pediatric immunization, J Clin Psychol Med Settings, 2005;12: 281–292.
- Cassidy KL, Reid GJ, McGrath PJ, Finley GA, Smith DJ, Morley C, Szudec EA, Morton M. Watch needle, watch TV: audovisual distraction in preschool immunization. Pain Mad., 2002;3: 108-118.
- Cohen LL, Blount RL, Panopoulos G. Nurse coaching and cartoon distraction: an effective and practical intervention to reduce child, parent, and nurse distress during immunizations. J Pediatr Psychol., 1997;22: 355-370.
- Manimala R, Blount RL, Cohen LL. The effects of parental reassurance versus distraction on child distress and coping during immunizations. Child Health Care, 2000;29: 161-177.
- French GM, Painter EC, Coury DL. Blowing away shot pain: a technique for pain management during immunization. Pediatrics, 1994;93(3): 384-388.
- Sparks L. Taking the “ouch” out of injections for children. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs., 2001;26: 72-78.
- Gonzalez JC, Routh DK, Armstrong FD. Effect of maternal distraction versus reassurance on children’s reactions to injections. J Pediatr Psychol., 1993;18: 593-60.
- Mason S, Johnson MH, Wooley C. A comparison of distractors for controlling distress in young children during medical procedures. J Clin Psychol Med, 1999;6: 239-248,
- Sander Wint SS, Eshelman D, Steele J, Guzzetta CE. Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum, 2002;29:8-15.
- Güdücü TF, Çelebioğlu A, Küçükoğlu S. Turkish children loved distraction: using kaleidoscope to reduce perceived pain during venipuncture. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2009;18, 2180-2186.
- İnal S, Kelleci M. Distracting children during blood draw: Looking through distraction cards is effective in pain relief of children during blood draw. International Journal of Nursing Practice; 2012;18(2), 210-219.
- Weisenberg M, Raz T, Hener T. The influence of film-induced mood on pain perception. Pain, 1998;76: 365-375.
- De Wied M, Verbaten MN. Affective pictures processing, attention and pain tolerance. Pain, 2001;90: 163-72.
- Landolt M A, Marti D, Widmer J, Meuli M. Does Cartoon Movie Distraction Decrease Burned Children’s Pain Behavior? Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation; 2002;23(1): 61-65.
- Dovney LV, ve Zun LS. The impact of watching cartoons for distraction during painful procedures in the emergency department Pediatr Emerg Care, 2012;28(10):1033-5. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31826cac1a.
- Bellieni CV, Cordellli DM, Raffaelli M, Ricci B, Morgese G, Buonocore G. Analgesic effect of watching TV during venipuncture. Arch Dis Child, 2006;91: 1015-1017.
- Wang ZX, Sun LH, Chen AP. The efficacy of nonpharmacological methods of pain management in school age children receiving venepuncture in a paediatric department: a randomized controlled trial of audiovisual distraction and routine psychological intervention. Swiss Medical Weekly, 2008;138(39-40):579–84.
- Manne S L, Redd WH, Jacobsen PB, Gorfinkle K, Schorr O, Rapkin B. Behavioral intervention to reduce child and parent distress during venipuncture. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1990;58: 565-572.
- Blount RL, Bachanas P J, Powers S W, Cotter M C, Franklin A, Chaplin W, Mayfield J, Henderson M, Blount S D. Training children to cope and parents to coach themduring routine immunizations: Effects on child, parent, and staff behaviors, Behavior Therapy, 1992;23(4): 689–705.
- Gupta D, Agarwal A, Dhiraaj S, Tandon M, Kumar M, Singh R, Singh P, Singh U. An Evaluation of Efficacy of Balloon Inflation on Venous Cannulation Pain in Children: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2006;102(5):1372-1375.
- Klassen JA, Liang Y, Tjosvold L, Klassen TP, Hartling L. Music for pain and anxiety in children undergoing medical procedures: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 2008;8:117-128.
- Press J, Gidron Y, Maimon M, Gonen A, Goldman V, Buskia D. Effects of active distraction on pain of children undergoing venipuncture: who benefits from it? The Pain Clinic, 2003;15: 261–269.
- Fowler-Kerry S, Lander JR. Management of injection pain in children, Pain, 1987;30(2): 169-175.
- Balan R, Bavdekar SB, Jadhav S. Can Indian classical instrumental music reduce pain felt during venepuncture? Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2009;76:469–73.
- Caprilli S, Anastasi F, Grotto RP, Scollo M, Messeri A. Interactive music as a treatment for pain and stress in children during venipuncture: A randomized prospective study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2007;28:399–403.
- Kristjansdottir O, Kristjansdottir G. Randomized clinical trial of musical distraction with and without headphones for adolescents’ immunization pain. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 2011;25:19–26.
- Nguyen TN, Nilsson S, Hellstrom A-L, Bengtson A. Music therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in children with cancer undergoing lumbar puncture: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 2010;27(3):146–55.
- Lange B, Williams M, Fulton I. Virtual Reality distraction during pediatric medical procedures, Pediatric Pain Letter, 2006;8(1):6-10.
- Sander Wint SS, Eshelman D, Steele J, Guzzetta CE. Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum, 2002;29: E8-15.
- Vessey JA, Carlson KL & McGill J. Use of distraction with children during an acute pain procedure. Nursing Research, 1994;43: 369–372.
- Carlson KL, Broome M & Vessey JA. Using distraction to reduce reported pain, fear and behavioral distress in children and adolescents: a multisite study. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses, 2000;5: 75–85.
- Hasanpour M, Tootoonchi M, Aein F & Yadegarfar G. The effects of two nonpharmacologic pain management methods for intramuscular injection pain in children. Acute Pain, 2006;8: 7–12.
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 372 - 378, 09.10.2015
Öz
Kan alma, enjeksiyon uygulama gibi medikal prosedürler çocukların en büyük ağrı kaynaklarından biridir. Ağrı çocukların iğneden korkmasına, aşı uygulaması, enjeksiyon ve kan alma uygulaması gibi bazı medikal prosedürlere karşı gönülsüzlüğü hatta tedavinin ihmal edilmesine yada gecikmesine neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle hemşire, çocuklarda ağrının uzun dönem olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak ve ağrılı prosedürlerin fiziksel ve emosyonel etkilerini gidermek için ağrılı prosedürleri yönetmelidir. Çocuklarda medikal prosedürler sırasında oluşabilecek ağrı ve anksiyeteyi azaltmaya yönelik farmakolojik ve non-farmakolojik yöntemleri kapsayan pek çok yaklaşım vardır. Son yıllarda, hemşirelerin ağrılı prosedürlerde ağrıyı gidermeye yönelik non-farmakolojik yöntemlerin kullanımı ile ilgili araştırmalar artmıştır. Medikal prosedürler sırasında oluşan ağrıyı gidermede en sık kullanılan yöntemlerden biri dikkati başka yöne çekmedir. Dikkati başka yöne çekme yöntemi, ağrıyı azaltmak için hastanın dikkatini başka bir uyarana yoğunlaştırma girişimidir ve beynin stimulasyona dikkatini yoğunlaştırma ile ilgili kapasitesinin sınırlı olduğu hipotezine dayanmaktadır. Bu makalede sıklıkla kullanılan dikkati başka yöne çekme yöntemleri tartışılacaktır.
Kaynakça
- Arts SE, Abu-Saad HH, Champion GD, Crawford MR, Juniper KH, Ziegler JB, Fisher RJ. Age-related response to lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) emulsion and effect of music distraction on the pain of intravenous cannulation. Pediatrics, 1994;93,797-801.
- Uman LS, Birnie KA, Noel M, Parker JA, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, Kisely SR. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 2013;10(10): doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub3.
- CPS 2004(Canadian Paediatric Society). www.cps.ca 2004. Erişim:29.11.2013.
- SB(Sağlık Bakanlığı) www.saglik.gov.tr. Erişim:29.11.2013
- IASP(2004)Task Force on Taxonomy. Classification of Chronic Pain. Second Edition. Seattle: IASP Press.
- Spielberg F, Branson BM, Goldbaum GM. Overcoming barriers to HIV testing: preferences for new strategies among clients of a needle exchange, a sexually transmitted disease clinic, and sex venues for men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr., 2003;32(3):318-327.
- Wong ML, Chia KS, Yam WM, Teodoro GR, Lau KW. Willingness to donate blood samples for genetic research: a survey from a community in Singapore. Clin Genet. Jan, 2004;65(1):45-51.
- Luhmann J, Hurt S, Shootman M, Kennedy R. A comparison of buffered lidocaine versus ELA-Max before peripheral intravenous catheter insertions in children. Pediatrics, 2004;113(3 Pt 1):e217-220.
- Eichenfield LF, Funk A, Fallon-Friedlander S, Cunningham BB. A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pediatrics, 2002;109(6):1093-1099.
- Buckley MM, Benfield P. Eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine cream. A review of the topical anaesthetic/analgesic efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA). Drugs. 1993; 46(1):126-151.
- Törüner E, Büyükgönenç L. Çocuk Sağlığı Temel hemşirelik yaklaşımları, Gökçe ofset, 2012; Ankara.
- DeMore M, Cohen LL. Distraction for pediatric immunization, J Clin Psychol Med Settings, 2005;12: 281–292.
- Cassidy KL, Reid GJ, McGrath PJ, Finley GA, Smith DJ, Morley C, Szudec EA, Morton M. Watch needle, watch TV: audovisual distraction in preschool immunization. Pain Mad., 2002;3: 108-118.
- Cohen LL, Blount RL, Panopoulos G. Nurse coaching and cartoon distraction: an effective and practical intervention to reduce child, parent, and nurse distress during immunizations. J Pediatr Psychol., 1997;22: 355-370.
- Manimala R, Blount RL, Cohen LL. The effects of parental reassurance versus distraction on child distress and coping during immunizations. Child Health Care, 2000;29: 161-177.
- French GM, Painter EC, Coury DL. Blowing away shot pain: a technique for pain management during immunization. Pediatrics, 1994;93(3): 384-388.
- Sparks L. Taking the “ouch” out of injections for children. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs., 2001;26: 72-78.
- Gonzalez JC, Routh DK, Armstrong FD. Effect of maternal distraction versus reassurance on children’s reactions to injections. J Pediatr Psychol., 1993;18: 593-60.
- Mason S, Johnson MH, Wooley C. A comparison of distractors for controlling distress in young children during medical procedures. J Clin Psychol Med, 1999;6: 239-248,
- Sander Wint SS, Eshelman D, Steele J, Guzzetta CE. Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum, 2002;29:8-15.
- Güdücü TF, Çelebioğlu A, Küçükoğlu S. Turkish children loved distraction: using kaleidoscope to reduce perceived pain during venipuncture. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2009;18, 2180-2186.
- İnal S, Kelleci M. Distracting children during blood draw: Looking through distraction cards is effective in pain relief of children during blood draw. International Journal of Nursing Practice; 2012;18(2), 210-219.
- Weisenberg M, Raz T, Hener T. The influence of film-induced mood on pain perception. Pain, 1998;76: 365-375.
- De Wied M, Verbaten MN. Affective pictures processing, attention and pain tolerance. Pain, 2001;90: 163-72.
- Landolt M A, Marti D, Widmer J, Meuli M. Does Cartoon Movie Distraction Decrease Burned Children’s Pain Behavior? Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation; 2002;23(1): 61-65.
- Dovney LV, ve Zun LS. The impact of watching cartoons for distraction during painful procedures in the emergency department Pediatr Emerg Care, 2012;28(10):1033-5. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31826cac1a.
- Bellieni CV, Cordellli DM, Raffaelli M, Ricci B, Morgese G, Buonocore G. Analgesic effect of watching TV during venipuncture. Arch Dis Child, 2006;91: 1015-1017.
- Wang ZX, Sun LH, Chen AP. The efficacy of nonpharmacological methods of pain management in school age children receiving venepuncture in a paediatric department: a randomized controlled trial of audiovisual distraction and routine psychological intervention. Swiss Medical Weekly, 2008;138(39-40):579–84.
- Manne S L, Redd WH, Jacobsen PB, Gorfinkle K, Schorr O, Rapkin B. Behavioral intervention to reduce child and parent distress during venipuncture. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1990;58: 565-572.
- Blount RL, Bachanas P J, Powers S W, Cotter M C, Franklin A, Chaplin W, Mayfield J, Henderson M, Blount S D. Training children to cope and parents to coach themduring routine immunizations: Effects on child, parent, and staff behaviors, Behavior Therapy, 1992;23(4): 689–705.
- Gupta D, Agarwal A, Dhiraaj S, Tandon M, Kumar M, Singh R, Singh P, Singh U. An Evaluation of Efficacy of Balloon Inflation on Venous Cannulation Pain in Children: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2006;102(5):1372-1375.
- Klassen JA, Liang Y, Tjosvold L, Klassen TP, Hartling L. Music for pain and anxiety in children undergoing medical procedures: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 2008;8:117-128.
- Press J, Gidron Y, Maimon M, Gonen A, Goldman V, Buskia D. Effects of active distraction on pain of children undergoing venipuncture: who benefits from it? The Pain Clinic, 2003;15: 261–269.
- Fowler-Kerry S, Lander JR. Management of injection pain in children, Pain, 1987;30(2): 169-175.
- Balan R, Bavdekar SB, Jadhav S. Can Indian classical instrumental music reduce pain felt during venepuncture? Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2009;76:469–73.
- Caprilli S, Anastasi F, Grotto RP, Scollo M, Messeri A. Interactive music as a treatment for pain and stress in children during venipuncture: A randomized prospective study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2007;28:399–403.
- Kristjansdottir O, Kristjansdottir G. Randomized clinical trial of musical distraction with and without headphones for adolescents’ immunization pain. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 2011;25:19–26.
- Nguyen TN, Nilsson S, Hellstrom A-L, Bengtson A. Music therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in children with cancer undergoing lumbar puncture: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 2010;27(3):146–55.
- Lange B, Williams M, Fulton I. Virtual Reality distraction during pediatric medical procedures, Pediatric Pain Letter, 2006;8(1):6-10.
- Sander Wint SS, Eshelman D, Steele J, Guzzetta CE. Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum, 2002;29: E8-15.
- Vessey JA, Carlson KL & McGill J. Use of distraction with children during an acute pain procedure. Nursing Research, 1994;43: 369–372.
- Carlson KL, Broome M & Vessey JA. Using distraction to reduce reported pain, fear and behavioral distress in children and adolescents: a multisite study. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses, 2000;5: 75–85.
- Hasanpour M, Tootoonchi M, Aein F & Yadegarfar G. The effects of two nonpharmacologic pain management methods for intramuscular injection pain in children. Acute Pain, 2006;8: 7–12.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | DERLEME YAZILARI |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 9 Ekim 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2015 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3 |
