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Türkiye’deki Bebek ve Devam Formülleri ile Ek Gıdaların Etiket Bilgilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 22, 125 - 143, 30.04.2024

Hatice Merve Bayram S. Arda Öztürkcan

https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1446001

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı piyasada satılan bebek ve devam formülleri ile ek gıdaların etiketlerinde belirtilen besin içeriklerini değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca bebek formülleri ile anne sütü, besin değerleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma kesitsel bir çalışma olup, İstanbul’da yer alan marketlerde bulunan bebek ve devam formülleri ile ek gıdaların içerik bilgileri çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 11 farklı markadan 18 çeşit bebek formülü, 10 farklı markadan 17 çeşit devam formülü 1, 11 farklı markadan 25 çeşit devam formülü 2 ve 11 farklı markadan 79 çeşit ek gıda (%48.1’i tahıl bazlı, %51.9’u tahıl bazlı olmayan) dahil edilmiştir. Bebek formüllerinin %11.1’i, laktoz ve %10.0’ı toplam yağa göre; devam formüllerinin ise %48.0’ı kolin, %14.3’ü folik asit ve %4.8’i protein açısından düşük olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Tahıl bazlı ek gıdaların %100’ü B1 vitamini ve %100’ü sodyum, %97.4’ü yağ, %94.7’si protein ve %73.9’u C vitamini açısından; tahıl bazlı olmayan ek gıdaların ise %100’ü A vitamini ve %80.5’i protein açısından düşük olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Olgun anne sütünde bebek formüllerine göre enerji, toplam yağ ve B12 vitamini daha yüksek olup istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Bebek ve devam formülleri ile ek gıdaların besin içeriklerinin tebliğlere göre genelinin uygun olduğu saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte devam formüllerinin özellikle kolin ve folik asit açısından, ek gıdaların ise protein, B1 vitamini ve A vitamini açısından iyileştirilmesi faydalı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bebek formülü devam formülü ek gıda anne sütü etiket bilgisi

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases: Childhood overweight and obesity; 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/noncommunicable-diseases-childhood-overweight-and-obesity. Erişim tarihi 12 Ağustos 2023.
  • 2. Baidal JAW, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(6):761-779. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.012.
  • 3. Victora C, Adair L, Fall C, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet. 2008;9609(371):340-357. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
  • 4. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding. Erişim tarihi 12 Ağustos 2023.
  • 5. Quigley M, Kelly Y, Sacker A. Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom millennium cohort study. Pediatrics. 2007;4(119):e837-e842. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-2256.
  • 6. EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae. EFSA Journal. 2014;7(12):3760. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3760.
  • 7. Koletzko B, Carlson S, Goudoever J. Should infant formula provide both omega-3 DHA and omega-6 arachidonic acid? Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;2-3(66):137-138. doi: 10.1159/000377643.
  • 8. Flynn M, McNeil D, Maloff B, Mutasingwa D, Ford C, Tough S. Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: A synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations. Obes Rev. 2006;1(7):66. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x.
  • 9. World Health Organization. First Meeting of the WHO Scientific and Technical Advisory Group on Inappropriate Promotion of Foods for Infants and Young Children, 24–25 June 2013; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2013, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506625. Erişim tarihi 15 Ağustos 2023.
  • 10. Dunford E, Louie JC, Byrne R, Walker KZ, Flood VM. The nutritional profile of baby and toddler food products sold in Australian supermarkets. Matern. Child Health J. 2015;19:2598–2604. doi: 10.1007/s10995-015-1778-y.
  • 11. Giannì M, Bezze E, Colombo L, et al. Complementary feeding practices in a cohort of Italian late preterm infants. Nutrients. 2018;12(10):1861. doi: 10.3390/nu10121861.
  • 12. Tunçer E, Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A. Türkiye'deki bebek ve devam formüllerinin enerji ve besin ögeleri içeriklerinin ve bazı etiket bilgilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2021;6(3):409-417. doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2020-77808.
  • 13. Antignani A, Francavilla R, Vania A, et al. Nutritional assessment of baby food available in Italy. Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3722. doi: 10.3390/nu14183722.
  • 14. Dewey K, Brown K. Update on technical issues concerning complementary feeding of young children in developing countries and implications for intervention programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2003;1(24):5-28. doi: 10.1177/156482650302400102.
  • 15. Rowan H, Lee M, Brown A. Differences in dietary composition between infants introduced to complementary foods using Baby‐led weaning and traditional spoon feeding. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019;32(1):11-20. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12616.
  • 16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius Standards for Infant Formula and Formulas for Special Medical Purposes Intended for Infants; 2007. https://www.ibfan.org/codex-alimentarius/. Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2023.
  • 17. Resmî Gazete (2.7.2019/30819, Tebliğ No: 2019/14), Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek Formülleri ve Devam Formülleri Tebliği; 2019, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/07/20190702-5.htm. Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023.
  • 18. Resmî Gazete (1.11.2007/26687, Tebliğ No: 2007/50), Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük Çocuk Ek Gıdaları Tebliği, 2007, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/11/20071101-10.htm. Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023.
  • 19. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Obezite, Diyabet ve Metabolik Hastalıklar Daire Başkanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi TÜBER. 2022. T.C: Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031. Ankara: 2022.
  • 20. EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for folate. EFSA Journal. 2014;12(11):3893. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3893.
  • 21. McNulty H, Ward M, Caffrey A, Pentieva K. Contribution of folic acid to human health and challenges of translating the science into effective policy: A call to action for the implementation of food fortification in Ireland. Proc Nutr Soc. 2023;82(2):91-103. doi: 10.1017/S0029665123002719.
  • 22. Korsmo HW, Jiang X, Caudill MA. Choline: Exploring the growing science on its benefits for moms and babies. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1823. doi: 10.3390/nu11081823.
  • 23. Mun JG, Legette LL, Ikonte CJ, Mitmesser SH. Choline and DHA in maternal and infant nutrition: synergistic implications in brain and eye health. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1125. doi: 10.3390/nu11051125.
  • 24. Terek D, Yalaz M. Yenidoğan bebeğin beslenmesinde temel prensipler. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi. 2019;11(5):233-244.
  • 25. Guez S, Chiarelli G, Menni F, Salera S, Principi N, Esposito S. Severe vitamin B12 deficiency in an exclusively breastfed 5-month-old italian infant born to a mother receiving multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:85. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-85.
  • 26. EFSA Panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for cobalamin (vitamin B12). EFSA Journal. 2015;13(7):4150. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4150.
  • 27. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for niacin. EFSA Journal. 2014;12(7):3759. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3759.
  • 28. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for iron. EFSA Journal. 2015;13(10):4254. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4254.
  • 29. Kanwar A, Sharma A. A review on role of zinc as a potent immunity boosting agent. Mater Today: Proc. 2022;68:880-885. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.423.
  • 30. Li J, Cao D, Huang Y, et al. Zinc intakes and health outcomes: An umbrella review. Front Nutr. 202;9:798078. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.798078.
  • 31. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001.

Evaluation of the Energy and Nutrients Contents of Infant and Follow-on Formulas and Supplementary Foods in Turkey

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 22, 125 - 143, 30.04.2024

Hatice Merve Bayram S. Arda Öztürkcan

https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1446001

Öz

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient content of infant and follow-on formulas and supplementary foods as stated on the labels. Additionally, infant formulas were compared with mature breast milk.
Method: This study is a cross-sectional study and the content information of infant and follow-up formulas and complementary foods available in markets in Istanbul were included in the study.
Results: A total of 18 types of infant formula from 11 different brands, 17 types of follow-on formula 1 from 10 different brands, 25 types of follow-on formula 2 from 11 different brands, and 79 types of complementary foods (48.1% cereal-based and 51.9% non-cereal-based) from 11 different brands were included in the study. The infant formulas had 11.1% less lactose and 10.0% less total fat; the follow-up formulas had 48.0% less choline, 14.3% less folic acid, and 4.8% less protein. 100% of cereal supplements were low for vitamin B1 and 100% for sodium, 97.4% for fat, 94.7% for protein, and 73.9% for vitamin C. 100% of non-cereal supplements were low for vitamin A and 80.5% for protein. Energy, total fat, and vitamin B12 were significantly higher in mature breast milk compared to infant formulas (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It was found that the nutrient contents of infant and follow-on formulas and supplementary foods were generally appropriate according to the communiqués. However, it would be beneficial to improve follow-on formulas, especially regarding choline and folic acid, and supplementary foods in terms of protein, vitamin B1, and vitamin A.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Infant formula follow-on formula complementary food breast milk label information

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases: Childhood overweight and obesity; 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/noncommunicable-diseases-childhood-overweight-and-obesity. Erişim tarihi 12 Ağustos 2023.
  • 2. Baidal JAW, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(6):761-779. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.012.
  • 3. Victora C, Adair L, Fall C, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet. 2008;9609(371):340-357. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
  • 4. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding. Erişim tarihi 12 Ağustos 2023.
  • 5. Quigley M, Kelly Y, Sacker A. Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom millennium cohort study. Pediatrics. 2007;4(119):e837-e842. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-2256.
  • 6. EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae. EFSA Journal. 2014;7(12):3760. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3760.
  • 7. Koletzko B, Carlson S, Goudoever J. Should infant formula provide both omega-3 DHA and omega-6 arachidonic acid? Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;2-3(66):137-138. doi: 10.1159/000377643.
  • 8. Flynn M, McNeil D, Maloff B, Mutasingwa D, Ford C, Tough S. Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: A synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations. Obes Rev. 2006;1(7):66. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x.
  • 9. World Health Organization. First Meeting of the WHO Scientific and Technical Advisory Group on Inappropriate Promotion of Foods for Infants and Young Children, 24–25 June 2013; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2013, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506625. Erişim tarihi 15 Ağustos 2023.
  • 10. Dunford E, Louie JC, Byrne R, Walker KZ, Flood VM. The nutritional profile of baby and toddler food products sold in Australian supermarkets. Matern. Child Health J. 2015;19:2598–2604. doi: 10.1007/s10995-015-1778-y.
  • 11. Giannì M, Bezze E, Colombo L, et al. Complementary feeding practices in a cohort of Italian late preterm infants. Nutrients. 2018;12(10):1861. doi: 10.3390/nu10121861.
  • 12. Tunçer E, Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A. Türkiye'deki bebek ve devam formüllerinin enerji ve besin ögeleri içeriklerinin ve bazı etiket bilgilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2021;6(3):409-417. doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2020-77808.
  • 13. Antignani A, Francavilla R, Vania A, et al. Nutritional assessment of baby food available in Italy. Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3722. doi: 10.3390/nu14183722.
  • 14. Dewey K, Brown K. Update on technical issues concerning complementary feeding of young children in developing countries and implications for intervention programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2003;1(24):5-28. doi: 10.1177/156482650302400102.
  • 15. Rowan H, Lee M, Brown A. Differences in dietary composition between infants introduced to complementary foods using Baby‐led weaning and traditional spoon feeding. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019;32(1):11-20. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12616.
  • 16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius Standards for Infant Formula and Formulas for Special Medical Purposes Intended for Infants; 2007. https://www.ibfan.org/codex-alimentarius/. Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2023.
  • 17. Resmî Gazete (2.7.2019/30819, Tebliğ No: 2019/14), Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek Formülleri ve Devam Formülleri Tebliği; 2019, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/07/20190702-5.htm. Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023.
  • 18. Resmî Gazete (1.11.2007/26687, Tebliğ No: 2007/50), Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük Çocuk Ek Gıdaları Tebliği, 2007, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/11/20071101-10.htm. Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023.
  • 19. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Obezite, Diyabet ve Metabolik Hastalıklar Daire Başkanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi TÜBER. 2022. T.C: Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031. Ankara: 2022.
  • 20. EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for folate. EFSA Journal. 2014;12(11):3893. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3893.
  • 21. McNulty H, Ward M, Caffrey A, Pentieva K. Contribution of folic acid to human health and challenges of translating the science into effective policy: A call to action for the implementation of food fortification in Ireland. Proc Nutr Soc. 2023;82(2):91-103. doi: 10.1017/S0029665123002719.
  • 22. Korsmo HW, Jiang X, Caudill MA. Choline: Exploring the growing science on its benefits for moms and babies. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1823. doi: 10.3390/nu11081823.
  • 23. Mun JG, Legette LL, Ikonte CJ, Mitmesser SH. Choline and DHA in maternal and infant nutrition: synergistic implications in brain and eye health. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1125. doi: 10.3390/nu11051125.
  • 24. Terek D, Yalaz M. Yenidoğan bebeğin beslenmesinde temel prensipler. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi. 2019;11(5):233-244.
  • 25. Guez S, Chiarelli G, Menni F, Salera S, Principi N, Esposito S. Severe vitamin B12 deficiency in an exclusively breastfed 5-month-old italian infant born to a mother receiving multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:85. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-85.
  • 26. EFSA Panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for cobalamin (vitamin B12). EFSA Journal. 2015;13(7):4150. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4150.
  • 27. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for niacin. EFSA Journal. 2014;12(7):3759. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3759.
  • 28. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for iron. EFSA Journal. 2015;13(10):4254. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4254.
  • 29. Kanwar A, Sharma A. A review on role of zinc as a potent immunity boosting agent. Mater Today: Proc. 2022;68:880-885. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.423.
  • 30. Li J, Cao D, Huang Y, et al. Zinc intakes and health outcomes: An umbrella review. Front Nutr. 202;9:798078. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.798078.
  • 31. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gıda ve Beslenme Dengesi, Halk Sağlığı Beslenmesi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hatice Merve Bayram 0000-0002-7073-2907

S. Arda Öztürkcan 0000-0001-7982-6988

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

JAMA Bayram HM, Öztürkcan SA. Türkiye’deki Bebek ve Devam Formülleri ile Ek Gıdaların Etiket Bilgilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. IGUSABDER. 2024;:125–143.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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