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Turizm Kaynaklı Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliğinde Bilgi İşlem Teknolojilerinin Rolü: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 205 - 223, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58636/jtis.1380516

Öz

Araştırmanın amacı, turizm sektörünün ve bilgi işlem teknolojilerinin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla bilgi işlem teknolojileri (BİT), turizm sektörü , ekonomik büyüme ve CO2 emisyonları arasındaki ilişki Türkiye için ilk kez ampirik olarak araştırılmış ve Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği test edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Dünya Bankası’ndan derlenen 1985-2021 dönemi verileri ARDL yöntemi ile tahmin edilmiştir. Ampirik model sonuçlarımız turizm kaynaklı Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye için dönüm noktasını ifade eden gelir seviyesi olan 1.47 trilyon dolara ulaşıldıktan sonraki her gelir artışı CO2 emisyonunu azaltacaktır. Çalışmanın diğer önemli bulgusu turistik amaçlı ziyaretçi sayısındaki artış CO2 emisyonunu düşürürken, bilgi işlem teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler çevre kalitesini bozmaktadır. Bu durum BİT’lerinin turizm dahil diğer üretim faaliyetlerinde istenilen verim artışlarını henüz sağlayamadığını ve önemli miktarda fosil yakıt kullanımına neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda turizm sektöründe çeşitlendirmenin artırılarak turist sayısının artırılmasının ve BİT’lerin enerji ve diğer kaynak kullanımını azaltımına neden olacak akıllı uygulamarın geliştirilerek verimlilik artışlarının sağlanmasının sürüdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme açısından önemli politikalar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akın A., Şimşek M.Y. & Akın A. (2012). Turizm Sektörünün Ekonomideki Yeri ve Önemi. Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 63-81.
  • Alola, A.A., Eluwole, K.K., Lasisi, T.T. & Alola, U.V. (2021). Perspectives of Globalization and Tourism As Drivers of EcologicalFootprint in Top 10 Destination Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 31607-31617.
  • Altınöz B. & Altıntaş M. (2020). G-20 Ülkelerinde Finansal Gelişme, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Turizm ve İklim Değişikliği İlişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 23(2), 413-421.
  • Anser M.K. , Khan M.A., Abdelmohsen A., Nassani A.A., Sameh, E., Askar, S.E., Abro M.M.Q., Zaman, K. & Kabbani, A. (2021). The Mediating Role of ICTs in the Relationship Between International Tourism and Environmental Degradation: Fit as a Fiddle. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 63769–63783.
  • Asongu, S.A., Le Roux, S., & Biekpe, N. (2018). Enhancing ICT for Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Changes, 127, 209–216.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Abbas, J., Chang, H. C., Pilar, L. & Shah, S.A.R. (2023). Tourism, Urbanization and Natural Resources Rents Matter for Environmental Sustainability: The Leading Role of AI and ICT on Sustainable Development Goals in the Digital Era. Resources Policy, 82, 103445.
  • Bano, S., Liu, L. & Khan, A. (2022). Dynamic Influence of Aging, Industrial Innovations, and ICT on Tourism Development and Renewable Energy Consumption in BRICS Economies. Renewable Energy, 192, 431-442.
  • Bölük, G. & Güven, M. (2022). The Role of Tourism, Energy Consumption, Urbanization, and Economic Growth on Ecological Footprint: The Turkish Case. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 38, 440-449.
  • Bölük, G. & Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, GHGs (greenhouse gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of EU (European Union) Countries. Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • Bölük, G. & Mert, M. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 149-192.
  • Caglar A.E., Mert M. & Boluk G. (2021). Testing the Role of Information and Communication Technologies and Renewable Energy Consumption in Ecological Footprint Quality: Evidence from World Top 10 Pollutant Footprint Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298.
  • Chang, T., Wenshwo, F. & Li-Fang, W. (2001). Energy Consumption, Employment, Output, and Temporal Causality: Evidence from Taiwan Based on Cointegration and Error-Correction Modelling Techniques. Applied Economics,, 33(8), 1045-1056.
  • Cheng, Z., Li, L., & Liu, J. (2019). The Effect of Information Technology on Environmental Pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33109–33124.
  • Danish, C. & Wang, Z (2018). Dynamic Relationship Between Tourism, Economic Growth, and Environmental Quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1928-1943.
  • Danish, Z. J., Wang, B., & Latif, Z. (2019). Towards Cross-Regional Sustainable Development:The Nexus Between Information and Communication Technology, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emissions. Sustainable Development, 27, 990–1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2000.
  • De Vita, G. , Katircioglu, S. , Altinay, L. , Fethi, S. & Mercan, M.(2015). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in a Tourism Development Context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 16652-16663.
  • Destek M.A. & Sarkodie S.A.(2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: the Role of Energy and Financial Development, Science and Total Environment, 650(2), 2483-2489.
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ration Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the Relationship Among CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption and Tourism in the EU and Candidate Countries: Evidence from Panel Models Robust to Heterogeneity and Cross-Sectional Dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239–245.
  • Engle, R.F. & Granger, C.W.J. (1987).Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Ertuğrul, H. M, & Soytaş, U. (2013). Sanayi Üretim Endeksinin Durağanlık Özellikleri. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 328(28), 51-66.
  • Eyupoglu K., & Uzar U. (2020). The Impact of Tourism on Turkey, Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1631-1645.
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Agha, H., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The Dynamic Nonlinear Influence of ICT, Financial Development, and Institutional Quality on CO2 Emission in Pakistan: New Insights from QARDL Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 24190–24200.
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The Role of Information Technology in the Validity of the Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Case of Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 205 - 223, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58636/jtis.1380516

Öz

The aim of the study is to determine the impact of tourism sector and information and communication technologies on environmental pollution. For this purpose, the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs), the tourism sector, economic growth and CO2 emissions has been empirically analyzed for the first time for Turkey and the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis has been tested. In this context, data for the 1985-2021 compiled from World Bank were estimated using the ARDL method. Our empirical model show the validation of the tourism-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve for Turkey. Every income increase after reaching the turning point of Turkey’s income level of 1.47 trillion US dollars will reduce CO2 emissions. Another important findings of the study is that the increase in the number of tourist visitors reduces CO2 emssions, while developments in information and communication technologies worsen the quality of the environment. This shows that ICTs have not yet achieved the desired efficiency gains in various production activities including tourism, and have led to a significant amount of fossil fuel consumption. Thus, it’s understood that diversification of the tourism activities, the increase in the number of tourists and the development of smart practices that will lead to reduction of the use of energy and other resources and achievement of efficiency gains by the ICTs, are important policies towards sustainable economic growth.

Kaynakça

  • Akın A., Şimşek M.Y. & Akın A. (2012). Turizm Sektörünün Ekonomideki Yeri ve Önemi. Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 63-81.
  • Alola, A.A., Eluwole, K.K., Lasisi, T.T. & Alola, U.V. (2021). Perspectives of Globalization and Tourism As Drivers of EcologicalFootprint in Top 10 Destination Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 31607-31617.
  • Altınöz B. & Altıntaş M. (2020). G-20 Ülkelerinde Finansal Gelişme, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Turizm ve İklim Değişikliği İlişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 23(2), 413-421.
  • Anser M.K. , Khan M.A., Abdelmohsen A., Nassani A.A., Sameh, E., Askar, S.E., Abro M.M.Q., Zaman, K. & Kabbani, A. (2021). The Mediating Role of ICTs in the Relationship Between International Tourism and Environmental Degradation: Fit as a Fiddle. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 63769–63783.
  • Asongu, S.A., Le Roux, S., & Biekpe, N. (2018). Enhancing ICT for Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Changes, 127, 209–216.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Abbas, J., Chang, H. C., Pilar, L. & Shah, S.A.R. (2023). Tourism, Urbanization and Natural Resources Rents Matter for Environmental Sustainability: The Leading Role of AI and ICT on Sustainable Development Goals in the Digital Era. Resources Policy, 82, 103445.
  • Bano, S., Liu, L. & Khan, A. (2022). Dynamic Influence of Aging, Industrial Innovations, and ICT on Tourism Development and Renewable Energy Consumption in BRICS Economies. Renewable Energy, 192, 431-442.
  • Bölük, G. & Güven, M. (2022). The Role of Tourism, Energy Consumption, Urbanization, and Economic Growth on Ecological Footprint: The Turkish Case. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 38, 440-449.
  • Bölük, G. & Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, GHGs (greenhouse gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of EU (European Union) Countries. Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • Bölük, G. & Mert, M. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 149-192.
  • Caglar A.E., Mert M. & Boluk G. (2021). Testing the Role of Information and Communication Technologies and Renewable Energy Consumption in Ecological Footprint Quality: Evidence from World Top 10 Pollutant Footprint Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298.
  • Chang, T., Wenshwo, F. & Li-Fang, W. (2001). Energy Consumption, Employment, Output, and Temporal Causality: Evidence from Taiwan Based on Cointegration and Error-Correction Modelling Techniques. Applied Economics,, 33(8), 1045-1056.
  • Cheng, Z., Li, L., & Liu, J. (2019). The Effect of Information Technology on Environmental Pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33109–33124.
  • Danish, C. & Wang, Z (2018). Dynamic Relationship Between Tourism, Economic Growth, and Environmental Quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1928-1943.
  • Danish, Z. J., Wang, B., & Latif, Z. (2019). Towards Cross-Regional Sustainable Development:The Nexus Between Information and Communication Technology, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emissions. Sustainable Development, 27, 990–1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2000.
  • De Vita, G. , Katircioglu, S. , Altinay, L. , Fethi, S. & Mercan, M.(2015). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in a Tourism Development Context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 16652-16663.
  • Destek M.A. & Sarkodie S.A.(2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: the Role of Energy and Financial Development, Science and Total Environment, 650(2), 2483-2489.
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ration Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the Relationship Among CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption and Tourism in the EU and Candidate Countries: Evidence from Panel Models Robust to Heterogeneity and Cross-Sectional Dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239–245.
  • Engle, R.F. & Granger, C.W.J. (1987).Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Ertuğrul, H. M, & Soytaş, U. (2013). Sanayi Üretim Endeksinin Durağanlık Özellikleri. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 328(28), 51-66.
  • Eyupoglu K., & Uzar U. (2020). The Impact of Tourism on Turkey, Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1631-1645.
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Agha, H., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The Dynamic Nonlinear Influence of ICT, Financial Development, and Institutional Quality on CO2 Emission in Pakistan: New Insights from QARDL Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 24190–24200.
  • Grossman G. M., & Krueger A. B. (1991) Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (National Bureau of Economic Research). NBER Working Paper No. 3914.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (1999). Temel Ekonometri (Çev. Ümit Şenesen, Gülay G. Şenesen). Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Grossman G. M., & Krueger A. B. (1995). Economic Growth and Environment, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B., & Apergis, N. (2019).The Dynamic Linkage Between Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, and Trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28(1), 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063-7.
  • Johansen, S., (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegrating Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254.
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius K. (1990), Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with Application to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin Econonmy Statistic, 52, 169-210.
  • Johansen, S. (1996). Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Auto-Regressive Models, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gökçe E.C. & Kızılkaya F. (2022). Türkiye için Turizm Kaynaklı EKC Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 352-362.
  • Karagöl B., (2013). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin Enerji Verimliliğine Katkısı, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın No: 2850, Ankara.
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  • Koçak E., Ulucak R. & Ulucak Z.Ş.(2020). The Impact of Tourism Developments on CO2 Emissions: An Advanced Panel Data Estimation. Tourism Management Perspective, 33, 100611.
  • Komşu M.S., Taner A. & Samirkaş M.C., (2023). Turizm Sektörünün Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 7(1), 72-86.
  • Khoi, N.H., Le, N.H. & Ngoc, B.H. (2021). The Effect of Tourism Development on the Ecological Footprint in Singapore: Evidence from Asymmetric ARDL Method. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(15), 2500-2517.
  • Kongbuamai N., Bui Q., Yousaf H.M.A.U. & Liu Y. (2020).The Impact of Tourism and Natural Resources on the Ecological Footprint: a Case Study of ASEAN Countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 19251-19264.
  • Kutlu Ş.Ş., & Kutlu M. (2022). Turizm Faaliyetlerinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Maliye Dergisi, 182, 233-249.
  • Lebe, F. (2016). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
  • Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the Influence of Tourism on Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Panel Analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.016.
  • Lenzen, M., Ya-Yen Sun, Y.Y., Futu Faturay, F., Ting, Y.P., Geschke, A. & Malik A., (2018). The Carbon Footprint of Global Tourism. Nature Climate Change, 8, 522–528 .
  • Mikayilov, J.I., Mukhtarov, S., & Mammadov, J. (2019). Re-evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Tourism:Does EKC Exist?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 19389-19402.
  • Nathaniel, S.P., Barua, S. & Ahmed, Z. (2021). What Drives Ecological Footprint in Top Ten Tourist Destinations? Evidence from Advanced Panel Techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 38322-38331.
  • Ng, T. H., Lye, C. T. & Lim, Y. S. (2016). A Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Malaysia’s Tourism Industry. Internatiınal Journal of Sustainable Developmenr & World Ecology, 23(3), 266-277.
  • Ozcan, B., & Apergis, N. (2018). The impact of Internet Use on Air Pollution: Evidence from Emerging Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 4174–4189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017- 0825-1.
  • Özcan, C. C., Gerçeker, M. & Özmen, İ. (2016). Turizm ve Çevre İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi. International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS) (ss. 125- 136). 24-26 Ağustos, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Özel N. (2016). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin Etkisiyle Değişen Bilgi Kaynakları, Hizmetleri ve Öğrenme Ortamları, Milli Eğitim, 209, 270-294.
  • Özkan G.S., & Çelik H. (2018). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki:Türkiye İçin Bir Uygulama, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 1-15.
  • Ozturk I., Al-Mulali U., & Saboori B. (2016). Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: the Role of Tourism and Ecological Footprint, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1916-1928.
  • Paramati, S. R., Shahbaz, M., & Alam, M. S. (2017). Does Tourism Degrade Environmental Quality? A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western European Union. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.10.034.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin Y., & Smith R. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Applied Economics, 16, 289-326.
  • Raheem, I.D., Tiwari, A.K., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020) The Role of ICT and Financial Development in CO2 and Economic Growth. Enviromental Sciences Pollution Reserach, 27, 1912–1922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06590-0.
  • Raza, S.A., Sharif, A., Wong, W.K. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2017). Tourism Development and Environmental Degradation in the United States: Evidence from Wavelet-Based Analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768–1790.
  • Razzaq, A., Shariff, A., Ahmad, P., & Jermsittiparsert K. (2023). Asymmetric Role of Tourism Development and Technology Innovation on Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction in the Chinese Economy: Fresh insights from QARDL approach. Sustainable Development, 29, 176–193.
  • Sarıtaş T. & Akar G. (2022). Turizmin CO2 Emisyonuna Etkisi: Panel Veri Analzi, Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 5(1), 104-117.
  • Sarpay A., (2016). İnternet kullanımının Çevresel Etkileri. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Shah S.A.R., Balsalobre-Lorente D., Radulescu M., Zhang Q., & Hussein B. (2022). Revising the Tourism-Induced Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Top 8 Asian Economies: the Role of ICT and Renewable Energy Consumption. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 14(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2022-0064.
  • Shaheen, K., Zaman, K., Batool, R., Khurshid, M.A., Aamir, A., Shoukry, A.M., Sharkawy, M.A., Aldeek, F., Khader, J. & Gani, S. (2019). Dynamic Linkages Between Tourism, Energy, Environment, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Top 10 Tourism-Induced Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 31273–31283.
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  • Şahin, D. (2018). APEC Ülkelerinde Turizm, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kalite İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi, İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 5(2), 32-44.
  • Tiwari, A. K., Ozturk, I., & Aruna, M. (2013). Tourism, Energy Consumption and Climate Change in OECD Countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 3(3) 247-261.
  • Tosunoğlu, B. (2014). Sürdürülebilir Küresel Refah Göstergesi Olarak Ekolojik Ayakizi, Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(5), 132-149.
  • Tutulmaz, O. (2012). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: Karbondioksit Emisyonu Üzerine Türkiye, Bölge ve Dünya Ülkeleri Üzerinden Analitik Bir Değerlendirme, Avrasya Etüdleri, 42(2), 51-82.
  • TÜİK, 2022, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Veri Portalı, www.tuik.gov.tr.
  • UN, (2017) Erişim linki https://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/e6bf42eff4e946f1a3c12473f358b229/S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir%20Turizm.pdf.
  • Wackernagel, M. & Rees, W. (1996). Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers, Philadelphia.
  • Wei, Y. & Liu, Q. (2023). How does the Travel and Tourism Industry Contribute to Sustainable Resource Management? The Moderating Role of ICT in Highly Resource-Consuming Countries. Resources Policy, 82, 103536.
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  • Zafar, S.Z., Zhilin, Q., Mabrouk, F., RamirezAsis, E., Haitham, M., Alzoubi, S. & Michel M. (2023) Empirical Linkages Between ICT, Tourism, and Trade Towards Sustainable Environment: Evidence from BRICS Countries, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(2), 2127417.
  • Zhang, L., & Gao, J. (2016). Exploring the Effects of International Tourism on China's Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from a Regional Panel Analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sürdürülebilir Turizm
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülden Bölük 0000-0001-8901-8503

Fatma Banu Beyaz Sipahi 0000-0002-5242-5049

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bölük, G., & Beyaz Sipahi, F. B. (2023). Turizm Kaynaklı Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliğinde Bilgi İşlem Teknolojilerinin Rolü: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 6(3), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.58636/jtis.1380516