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Being a Young Speaker of the Gagauz Language in Post-Soviet Context

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 60, 379 - 397, 20.12.2023

Kayhan İnan Gülin Dağdeviren Kırmızı

https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1405543

Öz

The concept of identity assumes great importance in the context of endangered languages. In this study, the identity perceptions of Gagauz adolescents were investigated using Bucholtz and Hall's (2005) sociocultural linguistic approach. To this end, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with three adolescent Gagauz speakers who had distinctive profiles in terms of Gagauz identity. Bucholtz and Hall's indexicality principle, specifically the use of WE- and THEY- references, was taken into consideration in the analysis of interviews held with young Gagauz speakers. In the semi-structured interviews, the participants responded to specific questions that probed self-identification, the relationship between the Gagauz language and ethnicity, the future of Gagauz people and Gagauz language, and perceived linguistic (in)security when speaking Gagauz and Russian languages, as well as language choice at school. The findings show that the participants have different profiles and use various indexical references and linguistic strategies regarding group membership. The influence of Russia and the Russian language on Gagauz identity is salient in social life, bureaucracy, and politics. As a result, the strong identification with ethnic identity and perception of Gagauz identity does not help maintain the Gagauz language in Gagauzia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gagauz Language Russian Language Young Speakers Identity Endangered Languages.

Kaynakça

  • Bankston, C. L. & Henry, J. M. (1998). The silence of the gators: Cajun ethnicity and intergenerational transmission of Louisiana French. Journal of Multilingual and
  • Multicultural Development, 19(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1080/01434639808666339
  • Blommaert, J. (2005). Discourse: A critical introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511610295
  • Bodean-Vozian, O. & Soltan, A. (2014). Language policy dimensions for social cohesion in Moldova: The case of Gagauz autonomy. Sustainable Multilingualism, 4, 25-45. doi: 10.7220/2335-2027.4.2
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2004a). Language and identity. (A. Duranti, ed.). A companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 369-385). Malden: Basil Blackwell.
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2004b). Theorizing identity in language and sexuality research. Language in Society, 33(4), 469-515. doi: 10.1017/S0047404504334020
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7, 585-614. doi: 10.1177/1461445605054407
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2010). Locating identity in language. (C. Llamas & D. Watt, ed.). Language and identities (pp. 18-28). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Dağdeviren-Kırmızı, G. (2020). Emotional and functional speaker attitudes towards Gagauz as an endangered language. Bilig, 93, 203-222. doi: 10.12995/bilig.9309
  • Demir, N. (2011). Saltık-nâme ve Selçuk-nâme ışığında Gagauz Türkleri. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken, 3(2), 5-19. https://dieweltdertuerken.org/index.php/ZfWT/article/view/244
  • Doerfer, G. (1959). Das Gagausische. (J. Deny, K. Grønbech, & L. Bazin, ed.). Philologiae Turcicae fundamenta (pp. 260-271). Wiesbaden: Aquis Mattiacis Apud Franciscum Steiner.
  • Dorian, N. (1999). Linguistic and ethnographic fieldwork. (J. Fishman, ed.). Handbook of language and ethnic identity (pp. 25-41). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ehala, M. (2015). Blurring of collective identities in the post-Soviet space. Sociolinguistic Studies, 9(2-3), 173-190. doi: 10.1558/sols.v9i2.26734
  • Eren, E. (2021). Language and education policies based on national/plurilingual identity in autonomous republics: A case study of the Gagauzia autonomous region. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(3), 192-199. doi: 10.31014/aior.1993.04.03.330
  • Fishman, J. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
  • Foucault, M. (2002). The archaeology of knowledge. London: Routledge.
  • Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (1991). Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence. (H. Giles, J. Coupland, & N. Coupland, ed.). Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics (pp. 1-68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511663673.001
  • Guboglo, M. N. (2018). Gagauzların etnik aidiyeti. (B. Hünerli, çev.). TÜRÜK Uluslararası Dil Edebiyat ve Halk Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(12), 67-78. (Original work published 1967) https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turuk/issue/42737/517522
  • Güngör, H. & Argunşah, M. (1991). Gagauz Türkleri. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Hall, S. & Du Gay, P. (1996). Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781446221907
  • Johanson, L. (2020). Turkic language contacts. (R. Hickey, ed.). The handbook of language contact (pp. 652-672). Singapore: Wiley-Blackwel. doi: 10.1002/9781444318159
  • Kennedy, M. (2002). Cultural formations of post-communism: emancipation, transition, nation, and war. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Keough, L. (2006). Globalizing postsocialism: Mobile mothers and neoliberalism on the margins of Europe. Anthropological Quarterly, 79(3), 431-461. https://jstor.org/stable/4150873
  • King, C. (1997). Minorities policy in the post-Soviet republics: The case of the Gagauzia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20(4), 738-756. doi: 1080/01419870.1997.9993987
  • King, C. (2000). The Moldovans: Romania, Russian, and the politics of culture. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
  • Küçükler, H. & Curdoglo, A. (2001). Perspectives of teaching in English in Gagauzia in Moldova. Balkanlarda Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Araştırmaları, 3(1), 25-38. doi: 10.47139/balted.799025
  • Landry, R., & Allard, R., & Deveau, K. (2010). Schooling and cultural autonomy: A Canada-wide study in Francophone minority schools. Canada: Canadian Heritage. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.568292/publication.html
  • Le Page, R. & Tabouret-Keller, A. (1985). Acts of identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Menz, A. (2003). Endangered Turkic languages: The case of Gagauz. (M. Janse & S. Tol, ed.). Language death and language maintenance (pp. 143-155). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.240.09men
  • Menz, A. (2006). On complex sentences in Gagauz. (H. Boeschoten & L. Johanson, ed.). Turkish Languages in Contact (pp. 139-151). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag.
  • Menz, A. (2007). The Gagauz between Christianity and Turkishness. In F. Kıral et. Al (Eds.), Cultural changes in the Turkic world (pp. 123-130). Baden Baden: Ergon Verlag.
  • Menz, A. (2013). Tehlikedeki Türk dilleri: Gagauzca örneği. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi, 2(2), 145-156. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tdd/issue/29412/314978
  • Moseley, C. (20 June 2020). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. http://unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
  • National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. (20 June 2020). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Moldova. https://statistica.gov.md/pageview.php? l=en&id=2193&idc=263
  • Oakes, P. & Haslam, S. A. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Ochs, E. (1992). Indexing gender. (A. Duranti & C. Goodwin, ed.). Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon (pp. 335-358). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Özkan, N. (2016). Gagavuz Türkçesi grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Phillips, A. (2010). What’s wrong with essentialism? Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, 11(1), 47-60. doi: 10.1080/1600910X.2010.9672755
  • Sağlam, N. A. & Adıgüzel, Y. (2021). Gagauz identity in the post-Soviet period. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 63, 279-296. doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0112
  • Sallabank, J. (2013). Attitudes to endangered languages: Identities and policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139344166
  • Silverstein, M. (1995). Linguistic categories, and cultural description. (B. Blount, ed.). Language, culture, and society: A book of readings (pp. 187-221). Illinois: Waveland Press.
  • Stets, J. E. (2006). Identity theory. (P. J. Burke, ed.). Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 88-110). Standford: Stanford University Press.
  • Suny, R. G. (2012). The contradictions of identity: Being Soviet and national in the USSR and after. (M. Bassin & C. Kelly, ed.). Soviet and post-Soviet identities (pp. 23-66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tishkov V. A. (1997). Ethnic conflicts in the post-Soviet space. New York: SAGE Publications.
  • Vogt, H. (2005). Between utopia and disillusionment: A narrative of the political transformation in Eastern Europe. New York: Berghahn Books. doi: 10.3167/9781571818959

Sovyet Sonrası Bağlamında Genç Bir Gagauzca Konuşuru Olmak

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 60, 379 - 397, 20.12.2023

Kayhan İnan Gülin Dağdeviren Kırmızı

https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1405543

Öz

Kimlik kavramı, tehlike altındaki diller bağlamında büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada Gagauz gençlerin kimlik algıları Bucholtz and Hall (2005) tarafından geliştirilen sosyokültürel dil bilimsel yaklaşım kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gagauz kimliği açısından farklı profillere sahip üç Gagauz konuşuru genç ile yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Genç Gagavuz konuşmacılarla gerçekleştirilen görüşmeler, Bucholtz ve Hall'un dizinsellik ilkesi çerçevesinde özellikle BİZ ve ONLAR referanslarının kullanımı bakımından analiz edilmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme kapsamında katılımcılar, Gagauz dili ve etnik köken arasındaki ilişkiye, Gagauz halkının ve Gagauz dilinin geleceğine, okuldaki dil seçimlerinde Gagauz ve Rus dillerine yönelik dil bilimsel güven algılarını betimlemeye ilişkin soruları yanıtlamıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, katılımcıların konu ile ilgili farklı profiller çizdiği belirlenmiştir. Grup üyeliği ve kimlik bağlamında görüşmecilerin ilişkin çeşitli dizinsel referanslar ve dil bilimsel stratejiler kullandıkları görülmektedir. Rusya'nın ve Rus dilinin Gagauz kimliği üzerindeki etkisi sosyal hayatta, bürokraside ve siyasette belirgindir. Sonuçlar, Gagauz kimliğinin güçlü bir şekilde etnik kimlikle özdeşleştirilmesinin ve Gagauz kimliği algısının, Gagauz dilinin Gagauz Yeri’nde sürdürülmesine yardımcı olmadığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gagauzca Rusça Genç Konuşurlar Kimlik Tehlike Altındaki Diller.

Kaynakça

  • Bankston, C. L. & Henry, J. M. (1998). The silence of the gators: Cajun ethnicity and intergenerational transmission of Louisiana French. Journal of Multilingual and
  • Multicultural Development, 19(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1080/01434639808666339
  • Blommaert, J. (2005). Discourse: A critical introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511610295
  • Bodean-Vozian, O. & Soltan, A. (2014). Language policy dimensions for social cohesion in Moldova: The case of Gagauz autonomy. Sustainable Multilingualism, 4, 25-45. doi: 10.7220/2335-2027.4.2
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2004a). Language and identity. (A. Duranti, ed.). A companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 369-385). Malden: Basil Blackwell.
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2004b). Theorizing identity in language and sexuality research. Language in Society, 33(4), 469-515. doi: 10.1017/S0047404504334020
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7, 585-614. doi: 10.1177/1461445605054407
  • Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2010). Locating identity in language. (C. Llamas & D. Watt, ed.). Language and identities (pp. 18-28). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Dağdeviren-Kırmızı, G. (2020). Emotional and functional speaker attitudes towards Gagauz as an endangered language. Bilig, 93, 203-222. doi: 10.12995/bilig.9309
  • Demir, N. (2011). Saltık-nâme ve Selçuk-nâme ışığında Gagauz Türkleri. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken, 3(2), 5-19. https://dieweltdertuerken.org/index.php/ZfWT/article/view/244
  • Doerfer, G. (1959). Das Gagausische. (J. Deny, K. Grønbech, & L. Bazin, ed.). Philologiae Turcicae fundamenta (pp. 260-271). Wiesbaden: Aquis Mattiacis Apud Franciscum Steiner.
  • Dorian, N. (1999). Linguistic and ethnographic fieldwork. (J. Fishman, ed.). Handbook of language and ethnic identity (pp. 25-41). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ehala, M. (2015). Blurring of collective identities in the post-Soviet space. Sociolinguistic Studies, 9(2-3), 173-190. doi: 10.1558/sols.v9i2.26734
  • Eren, E. (2021). Language and education policies based on national/plurilingual identity in autonomous republics: A case study of the Gagauzia autonomous region. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(3), 192-199. doi: 10.31014/aior.1993.04.03.330
  • Fishman, J. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
  • Foucault, M. (2002). The archaeology of knowledge. London: Routledge.
  • Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (1991). Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence. (H. Giles, J. Coupland, & N. Coupland, ed.). Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics (pp. 1-68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511663673.001
  • Guboglo, M. N. (2018). Gagauzların etnik aidiyeti. (B. Hünerli, çev.). TÜRÜK Uluslararası Dil Edebiyat ve Halk Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(12), 67-78. (Original work published 1967) https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turuk/issue/42737/517522
  • Güngör, H. & Argunşah, M. (1991). Gagauz Türkleri. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Hall, S. & Du Gay, P. (1996). Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781446221907
  • Johanson, L. (2020). Turkic language contacts. (R. Hickey, ed.). The handbook of language contact (pp. 652-672). Singapore: Wiley-Blackwel. doi: 10.1002/9781444318159
  • Kennedy, M. (2002). Cultural formations of post-communism: emancipation, transition, nation, and war. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Keough, L. (2006). Globalizing postsocialism: Mobile mothers and neoliberalism on the margins of Europe. Anthropological Quarterly, 79(3), 431-461. https://jstor.org/stable/4150873
  • King, C. (1997). Minorities policy in the post-Soviet republics: The case of the Gagauzia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20(4), 738-756. doi: 1080/01419870.1997.9993987
  • King, C. (2000). The Moldovans: Romania, Russian, and the politics of culture. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
  • Küçükler, H. & Curdoglo, A. (2001). Perspectives of teaching in English in Gagauzia in Moldova. Balkanlarda Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Araştırmaları, 3(1), 25-38. doi: 10.47139/balted.799025
  • Landry, R., & Allard, R., & Deveau, K. (2010). Schooling and cultural autonomy: A Canada-wide study in Francophone minority schools. Canada: Canadian Heritage. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.568292/publication.html
  • Le Page, R. & Tabouret-Keller, A. (1985). Acts of identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Menz, A. (2003). Endangered Turkic languages: The case of Gagauz. (M. Janse & S. Tol, ed.). Language death and language maintenance (pp. 143-155). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.240.09men
  • Menz, A. (2006). On complex sentences in Gagauz. (H. Boeschoten & L. Johanson, ed.). Turkish Languages in Contact (pp. 139-151). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag.
  • Menz, A. (2007). The Gagauz between Christianity and Turkishness. In F. Kıral et. Al (Eds.), Cultural changes in the Turkic world (pp. 123-130). Baden Baden: Ergon Verlag.
  • Menz, A. (2013). Tehlikedeki Türk dilleri: Gagauzca örneği. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi, 2(2), 145-156. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tdd/issue/29412/314978
  • Moseley, C. (20 June 2020). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. http://unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
  • National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. (20 June 2020). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Moldova. https://statistica.gov.md/pageview.php? l=en&id=2193&idc=263
  • Oakes, P. & Haslam, S. A. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Ochs, E. (1992). Indexing gender. (A. Duranti & C. Goodwin, ed.). Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon (pp. 335-358). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Özkan, N. (2016). Gagavuz Türkçesi grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Phillips, A. (2010). What’s wrong with essentialism? Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, 11(1), 47-60. doi: 10.1080/1600910X.2010.9672755
  • Sağlam, N. A. & Adıgüzel, Y. (2021). Gagauz identity in the post-Soviet period. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 63, 279-296. doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0112
  • Sallabank, J. (2013). Attitudes to endangered languages: Identities and policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139344166
  • Silverstein, M. (1995). Linguistic categories, and cultural description. (B. Blount, ed.). Language, culture, and society: A book of readings (pp. 187-221). Illinois: Waveland Press.
  • Stets, J. E. (2006). Identity theory. (P. J. Burke, ed.). Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 88-110). Standford: Stanford University Press.
  • Suny, R. G. (2012). The contradictions of identity: Being Soviet and national in the USSR and after. (M. Bassin & C. Kelly, ed.). Soviet and post-Soviet identities (pp. 23-66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tishkov V. A. (1997). Ethnic conflicts in the post-Soviet space. New York: SAGE Publications.
  • Vogt, H. (2005). Between utopia and disillusionment: A narrative of the political transformation in Eastern Europe. New York: Berghahn Books. doi: 10.3167/9781571818959
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çağdaş Türk Lehçeleri ve Edebiyatları (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kayhan İnan 0000-0002-7438-0742

Gülin Dağdeviren Kırmızı 0000-0002-4675-1040

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 18 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 60

Kaynak Göster

APA İnan, K., & Dağdeviren Kırmızı, G. (2023). Being a Young Speaker of the Gagauz Language in Post-Soviet Context. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(60), 379-397. https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1405543
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.