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THE APPROACH OF FINLAND TO RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF UKRAINE: SECURITISATION OF THE PUTIN REGIME / Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı İşgaline Finlandiya’nın Yaklaşımı: Putin Rejiminin Güvenlikleştirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 397 - 424, 10.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1144817

Öz

The purpose of this article is to explain the approach of Finland to Russian occupation of Ukraine. Finnish foreign policy implemented between February 24 when Ukraine-Russia War began, and June 30, is analysed by using securitisation theory developed by the Copenhagen School. This study argues that Finland securitised the Putin regime. As a consequence of securitisation analysis, the article reached four results. First, Finnish Prime Minister Sanna Marin and President Sauli Niinistö see Russia under the Putin government as a military threat. Second, Prime Minister Sanna Marin and President Sauli Niinistö want to make Finland a member of NATO to strengthen defence capabilities of the country against Russia. Third, Finland securitised the Putin regime. Fourth, as a member of the European Union, Finland has applied collective EU sanctions on Russia, President Vladimir Putin and his close partners. By applying for NATO membership, Finland abandoned the policy of military neutrality that it has been implementing since the 20th century.

Kaynakça

  • AA (2022). Putin Says Finland, Sweden's Entry to NATO No Threat to Russia, But Will Draw a Response. Access Address: https://www.aa.com.tr/ en/world/putin-says-finland-swedens-entry-to-nato-no-threat-to-russia-but-will-draw-a-response/2589464
  • Açıkmeşe, S. A. (2008). Kopenhag Okulu ve Realist Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Aktör, Tehdit ve Politika: Avrupa Güvenliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Açıkmeşe, S. A. (2011). Algı mı, Söylem mi? Kopenhag Okulu ve Yeni-Klasik Gerçekçilikte Güvenlik Tehditleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 8(30), 43-73.
  • Alberque, W. and Schreer, B. (2022). Finland, Sweden and NATO Membership. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 64(3), 67-72.
  • Allin, D. H. and Jones, E. (2022). Sleepwalking to Solidarity? Russia, Ukraine and the European Dream. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 64(3), 213-222.
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  • Atland, K. (2016). North European security after the Ukraine conflict. Defense & Security Analysis, 32(2), 163-176.
  • Aunesluoma, J. and Rainio-Niemi, J. (2016). Neutrality as Identity? Journal of Cold War Studies, 18 (4), 51-78.
  • Baysal, B. (2020). 20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(67), 3-20.
  • Boungou, W. and Yatié, A. (2022). The impact of the Ukraine-Russia war on world stock market returns. Bordeaux Economics Working Papers BxWP2022-06.
  • Buzan, B. (1999). ‘Change and Insecurity’ Reconsidered. Contemporary Security Policy, 20(3), 1-17.
  • Buzan, B., Waever, O. and Wilde, J. D. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Cafruny et al. (2022). Ukraine, Multipolarity and the Crisis of Grand Strategies. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Access Address: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19448953.2022.2084881?needAccess=true
  • Charland, M. (2003). Le langage politique. La Communication Politique: état des savoirs, enjeux et perspectives, Anne-Marie Gingras (ed.), 67-91. Canada: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
  • Ciuriak, D. (2022). The Role of Social Media in Russia’s War on Ukraine. Access Address: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=4078863
  • CNBC (2022). ‘Everything Changed When Russia Invaded’: Finland and Sweden Inch Closer to Seeking NATO Membership. Access address: https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/13/russia-ukraine-war-finland-and-sweden-to-consider-joining-nato.html
  • Dalsjö, R., Jonsson, M. and Norberg, J. (2022). A Brutal Examination: Russian Military Capability in Light of the Ukraine War. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 64(3), 7-28.
  • EC (2022). EU Sanctions Against Russia Following the Invasion of Ukraine. European Commission, access address: https://ec.europa.eu/info/ strategy/priorities-2019-2024/stronger-europe-world/eu-solidarity-ukraine/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine_en#individual-listings-of-people-and-entities
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  • Eurostat (2022). Energy represented 62% of EU imports from Russia. Access Address: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220307-1
  • Faloon, B., S. (1982). Aspects of Finnish Neutrality. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 1 (3), 3-12.
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THE APPROACH OF FINLAND TO RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF UKRAINE: SECURITISATION OF THE PUTIN REGIME / Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı İşgaline Finlandiya’nın Yaklaşımı: Putin Rejiminin Güvenlikleştirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 397 - 424, 10.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1144817

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı, Finlandiya'nın Rusya'nın Ukrayna'yı işgaline yaklaşımını açıklamaktır. Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı'nın başladığı 24 Şubat ile 30 Haziran arasında uygulanan Finlandiya dış politikası, Kopenhag Okulu tarafından geliştirilen güvenlikleştirme teorisi kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Bu çalışma Finlandiya'nın Putin rejimini güvenlikleştirdiğini iddia etmektedir. Güvenlikleştirme analizi sonucunda makale dört sonuca ulaşmıştır. Birincisi, Finlandiya Başbakanı Sanna Marin ve Devlet Başkanı Sauli Niinistö, Putin hükümeti altındaki Rusya'yı askeri bir tehdit olarak görmektedir. İkincisi, Başbakan Sanna Marin ve Cumhurbaşkanı Sauli Niinistö, ülkenin Rusya'ya karşı savunma yeteneklerini güçlendirmek için Finlandiya'yı NATO üyesi yapmak istemektedir. Üçüncüsü, Finlandiya Putin rejimini güvenlikleştirmiştir. Dördüncüsü, Avrupa Birliği üyesi olan Finlandiya, Rusya, Devlet Başkanı Vladimir Putin ve yakın ortaklarına toplu olarak AB yaptırımlarını uygulamıştır. Finlandiya NATO üyeliğine başvurarak 20.yüzyıldan beri uyguladığı askeri tarafsızlık politikasını terk etmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • AA (2022). Putin Says Finland, Sweden's Entry to NATO No Threat to Russia, But Will Draw a Response. Access Address: https://www.aa.com.tr/ en/world/putin-says-finland-swedens-entry-to-nato-no-threat-to-russia-but-will-draw-a-response/2589464
  • Açıkmeşe, S. A. (2008). Kopenhag Okulu ve Realist Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Aktör, Tehdit ve Politika: Avrupa Güvenliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Açıkmeşe, S. A. (2011). Algı mı, Söylem mi? Kopenhag Okulu ve Yeni-Klasik Gerçekçilikte Güvenlik Tehditleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 8(30), 43-73.
  • Alberque, W. and Schreer, B. (2022). Finland, Sweden and NATO Membership. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 64(3), 67-72.
  • Allin, D. H. and Jones, E. (2022). Sleepwalking to Solidarity? Russia, Ukraine and the European Dream. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 64(3), 213-222.
  • Aristoteles, (1995). Retorik, trans. Mehmet H. Doğan, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Atland, K. (2016). North European security after the Ukraine conflict. Defense & Security Analysis, 32(2), 163-176.
  • Aunesluoma, J. and Rainio-Niemi, J. (2016). Neutrality as Identity? Journal of Cold War Studies, 18 (4), 51-78.
  • Baysal, B. (2020). 20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(67), 3-20.
  • Boungou, W. and Yatié, A. (2022). The impact of the Ukraine-Russia war on world stock market returns. Bordeaux Economics Working Papers BxWP2022-06.
  • Buzan, B. (1999). ‘Change and Insecurity’ Reconsidered. Contemporary Security Policy, 20(3), 1-17.
  • Buzan, B., Waever, O. and Wilde, J. D. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Cafruny et al. (2022). Ukraine, Multipolarity and the Crisis of Grand Strategies. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Access Address: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19448953.2022.2084881?needAccess=true
  • Charland, M. (2003). Le langage politique. La Communication Politique: état des savoirs, enjeux et perspectives, Anne-Marie Gingras (ed.), 67-91. Canada: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
  • Ciuriak, D. (2022). The Role of Social Media in Russia’s War on Ukraine. Access Address: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=4078863
  • CNBC (2022). ‘Everything Changed When Russia Invaded’: Finland and Sweden Inch Closer to Seeking NATO Membership. Access address: https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/13/russia-ukraine-war-finland-and-sweden-to-consider-joining-nato.html
  • Dalsjö, R., Jonsson, M. and Norberg, J. (2022). A Brutal Examination: Russian Military Capability in Light of the Ukraine War. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 64(3), 7-28.
  • EC (2022). EU Sanctions Against Russia Following the Invasion of Ukraine. European Commission, access address: https://ec.europa.eu/info/ strategy/priorities-2019-2024/stronger-europe-world/eu-solidarity-ukraine/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine_en#individual-listings-of-people-and-entities
  • Eckersley, R. (2012). Global Environmental Politics. An Introduction to International Relations, Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George (ed.), 462-474. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • El Houssine, E. F. (2022). Transitivity Analysis of Newspapers’ Headlines Depicting the Russian Attack on Ukraine. International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies, 3(2), 72-85.
  • Eurostat (2022). Energy represented 62% of EU imports from Russia. Access Address: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220307-1
  • Faloon, B., S. (1982). Aspects of Finnish Neutrality. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 1 (3), 3-12.
  • Finnish Business and Policy Forum – EVA. (2022). access address: https://www.eva.fi/en/blog/2022/04/12/finns-hold-russians-in-high-regard-but-perceive-russia-as-a-military-threat/
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  • Finnish Government (2022k). Access address: https://valtioneuvosto.fi /en/-/10616/finland-declares-its-interest-to-accede-to-nato
  • Forsberg, T. and Pesu, M. (2016). The “Finlandisation” of Finland: The Ideal Type, the Historical Model, and the Lessons Learnt. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(3), 473-495.
  • Gordon, P. H. (2001). NATO After 11 September. Survival, 43(4), 89-106.
  • Götz, E. and Staun, J. (2022). Why Russia attacked Ukraine: Strategic Culture and Radicalized Narratives. Contemporary Security Policy, 43(3), 482-497.
  • Green, J. A., Henderson, C. and Ruys, T. (2022). Russia’s Attack On Ukraine and The Jus Ad Bellum. Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 9(1), 4-30.
  • Gunter, M. M. (2022). Some Implications of Sweden and Finland Joining NATO. The Commentaries, 2(1), 91-100.
  • Haukkala, H. and Ojanen, H. (2011). The Europeanization of Finnish Foreign Policy: Pendulum Swings in Slow Motion. National and European Foreign Policies, Reuben Wong and Christopher Hill (ed.), 149-166. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Hodgson, J., H. (1959). The Paasikivi Line. The American Slavic and East European Review, 18(2), 145-173.
  • Irish Times, (2002). There Will Be No European Army, Says Finnish PM. Access Address: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/there-will-be-no-european-army-says-finnish-pm-1.1095207
  • Kardas et al. (2022). War in Ukraine and The Challenges It Brings to The Polish Healthcare System. The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 15, 1-2.
  • Kaunert, C. and Wertman, O. (2020). The Securitisation of Hybrid Warfare Through Practices Within the Iran-Israel Conflict-Israel’s Practices for Securitising Hezbollah’s Proxy War. Security and Defence Quarterly, 31(4), 99–114.
  • Kirby, D. G. (1984). Finland in the Twentieth Century. London: C. Hurst & Company.
  • Kowalsky, D. (2019). Soviet Foreign Policy from the Spanish Civil War to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1936–1939. Dictatorships & Democracies: Journal of History and Culture, 7, 69–96.
  • Kuusisto, A., A. (1959). The Paasikivi Line in Finland's Foreign Policy. The Western Political Quarterly, 12 (1), 37-49.
  • La Gruyère, (1992). Le Président Finlandais Veut l’Adhésion à la CE. Samedi, 8 Février 1992.
  • Lavery, J. (2006). The History of Finland. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  • Lightbody, B. (1999). The Cold War. London: Routledge.
  • Maude, G. (1982). The Further Shores of Finlandization. Cooperation and Conflict, 17(1), 3-16.
  • Mbah, R. E. and Wasum, D. F. (2022). Russian-Ukraine 2022 War: A Review of the Economic Impact of Russian-Ukraine Crisis on the USA, UK, Canada, and Europe. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(3), 144-153.
  • McKee, M., Attaran, A. and Lindert, J. (2022). How Can the International Community Respond to Evidence of Genocide in Ukraine? The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 17, 1-2.
  • Milne, R. (2022). Finland Warns of ‘Major Escalation Risk’ In Europe Amid Nato Membership Debate. Financial Times, 20 March, access address: https://www.ft.com/content/e636c759-aad7-4ee1-b245-f3575dd5ce73?sharetype=blocked
  • Minna, A. & Michael, P. (2022). Moscow Threatens the Balance in The High North: In Light of Russia's War in Ukraine, Finland and Sweden Are Moving Closer to NATO. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), No.24.
  • Morgenthau, H., J. (1939). International Affairs: The Resurrection of Neutrality in Europe. The American Political Science Review, 33 (3), 473-486.
  • NATO (2022). NATO on the Map, Access Address: https://www.nato.int /nato-on-the-map/#lat=65.51945129368599&lon=20.396882909862224 &zoom=0&layer-1
  • NORDEFCO (2022). About NORDEFCO. Access Address: https://www.nordefco.org/the-basics-about-nordefco
  • Nouvelliste (1982). Maintenir Le Pays Dans Le Bloc Occidental. Mercredi, 27.
  • Nyman, J. (2013). Securitization Theory. In: Shepherd, L. J. (ed.): Critical Approaches to Security: An Introduction to Theories and Methods. New York: Routledge, 51-62.
  • Ojanen, H. and Raunio, T. (2018). The Varying Degrees and Meanings of Nordicness in Finnish Foreign Policy. Global Affairs, 4(4-5), 405-418.
  • Padelford, N., J. (1938). The New Scandinavian Neutrality Rules. The American Journal of International Law, 32(4), 789-793.
  • Papanikos, G. T. (2022). The Greek Newspaper Coverage of the Ukrainian War: The Pre-Invasion Phase and the Day of the Invasion. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 8, 1-20.
  • Pereira et al. (2022). Russian-Ukrainian War Impacts the Total Environment. Science of the Total Environment, 837, 1-6.
  • Pick, O. and Critchley, J. (1974). Collective Security. London: Macmillan.
  • Pohjanpalo, K. (2022). Russia Poses a Significant Military Threat, Say 84% of Finns. Bloomberg. Access address: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2022-04-12/russia-poses-a-significant-military-threat-say-84-of-finns
  • President of the Republic of Finland (2022a). Access address: https://www.presidentti.fi/en/news/president-niinisto-finland-strongly-condemns-russias-actions-and-warfare/
  • President of the Republic of Finland (2022b). Access address: https://www.presidentti.fi/en/news/president-niinisto-spoke-with-german-federal-chancellor-scholz/
  • President of the Republic of Finland (2022c). Access address: https://www.presidentti.fi/en/news/president-niinisto-attended-jef-leaders-summit-in-london-and-met-prime-minister-johnson/
  • Quester, G. H. (1990). Finlandization as a Problem or an Opportunity? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 512 (1), 33-45.
  • Salter M. B. and Piché, G. (2011). The Securitization of the US–Canada Border in American Political Discourse. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 44 (4), 929–951.
  • Santos, M. C. D. (2018). Identity and Discourse in Securitisation Theory. Contexto Internacional, 40(2), 229-248.
  • Shurkin, M. (2022). Leçons De La Guerre Pour Les Européens Vues Par Un Américain. Revue Défense Nationale, 849, 25-26.
  • SIPRI (2022). SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, Access Address: https://milex.sipri.org/sipri
  • Snyder, S. B. (2010). ‘‘Jerry, Don’t Go’’: Domestic Opposition to the 1975 Helsinki Final Act. Journal of American Studies, 44, 67–81.
  • Sperling, J. and Webber, M. (2016). NATO and the Ukraine crisis: Collective securitisation. European Journal of International Security, 2(1), 19–46.
  • Törngren, R. (1961). The Neutrality of Finland. Foreign Affairs, 39(4), 601-609.
  • Törnudd, K. (2005). Finnish Neutrality Policy During the Cold War. The SAIS Review of International Affairs, 25(2), 43-52.
  • Tulli, (2022). Access Address: https://tulli.fi/en/-/eu-export-sanctions-and-finland-s-trade-with-russia
  • Twitter (2022a). Access address: https://twitter.com/MarinSanna/ status/1496716309731631108
  • Twitter (2022b). Access address: https://twitter.com/niinisto/status/ 1496706934002626563
  • Twitter (2022c). Access address: https://twitter.com/Haavisto/status/ 1496730567290892288
  • Twitter (2022d). Access address: https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/ 1499782213193412608
  • Twitter (2022e). Access address: https://twitter.com/kajakallas/status/ 1500817052625518593
  • Twitter (2022f). Access address: https://twitter.com/FinGovernment/ status/ 1512440502754459650
  • Walt, S. M. (1987). The Origins of Alliances. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Wilkinson, C. (2007). The Copenhagen School on Tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable Outside Europe? Security Dialogue, 38(1), 5-25.
  • Williams, M. C. (2003). Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics. International Studies Quarterly, 47, 511-531.
  • Wiltse, E. Ç. (2022). Habertürk HT 360 Gece, Date: 29-30 June. Access address: https://tv.haberturk.com/program/ht-360-gece/1000013637
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Melih Dinçer 0000-0003-3079-1512

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dinçer, M. (2022). THE APPROACH OF FINLAND TO RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF UKRAINE: SECURITISATION OF THE PUTIN REGIME / Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı İşgaline Finlandiya’nın Yaklaşımı: Putin Rejiminin Güvenlikleştirilmesi. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme Ve Politika Dergisi, 6(2), 397-424. https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1144817

Cited By

BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK GAZETELERİNİN RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞI’NA YAKLAŞIMI
Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Medya ve İletişim Araştırmaları Hakemli E-Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.56075/egemiadergisi.1170177

Uluslararası Ekonomi, İşletme ve Politika Dergisi

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi
İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi
İktisat Bölümü
RİZE